1 See note, page 167. 
SECTION IX. 
OF THE APPLICATION OF STEAM ENGINES TO DIFFERENT PURPOSES. 
569. The great variety of objects to which steam power is or may be applied, 
renders it necessary to coniine our attention to the most prominent ones for 
illustration. These are to raising water ; to impelling machinery for mining, 
manufacturing, and agricultural purposes; and to land carriage: the application 
to navigation however is so distinct and important as to require a separate 
treatment; and it is therefore reserved for the next section. 
Of Raising Water. 
570. Water is generally raised by means of pumps of the lifting or forcing 
species. The stroke of a pump should not exceed about eight feet, otherwise the 
air disengaged from the water, the escape by the bucket or piston, and the defect 
of pressure on the fluid which is rising after the piston, becomes greater than the 
escape by the valves. The velocity of the piston should not exceed 98 times 
the square root of the length of the stroke, (art. 342.) 1 
571. Owing to the escape at the valves and the disengagement of air, the 
quantity of water a pump in the best order delivers at one stroke is, 
95 "144 X = *00518 la 2 cubic feet; 
where l is the length of the stroke in feet, and a the diameter of the pump in 
inches; or substituting half the velocity for /, it gives the cubic feet per minute. 
572. The power required to raise water a given height is found by taking the 
exact height in feet, from the surface of the water to the point of discharge, adding 
one foot and a half for each lift, for the force required to give the water the velo 
city, and also one-twentieth of the height for the friction of the piston. Call this 
quantity in feet h ; then ’341 ha 2 = the load in lbs.