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prevent marine enemies from injuring moulted individuals in their 
unprotected state.’”—(Kropotkin, ft- 343.) 
“ As to the beetles, we have quite well observed facts of mutual 
help amidst the burying beetles (Necrofthorus). They must have 
some decaying organic matter to lay their eggs in, and thus to 
provide their larvae with food ; but that matter must not decay very 
rapidly. So they are wont to bury in the ground the corpses of 
all kinds of small animals which they occasionally find in their 
rambles. As a rule, they live an isolated life, but when one of them 
has discovered the corpse of a mouse or of a bird, which it could 
hardly manage to bury itself, it calls four, six, or ten other beetles 
to perform the operation with united efforts ; if necessary they 
transport the corpse to a suitable soft ground, and they bury it in 
a very considerate way, without quarrelling as to which of them 
will enjoy the privilege of laying its eggs in the buried corpse. And 
when Gleditsch attached a dead bird to a cross made out of two 
sticks, or suspended a toad to a stick planted in the soil, the little 
beetles would in the same friendly way combine their intelligences to 
overcome the artifice of man. The same combination of efforts has 
been noticed among the dung beetles.”—(Kropotkin, ft. 342.) 
The following incident goes to show that the rights 
of the individual are in some cases respected in a most 
remarkable way :— 
“A. Alcock has made some observations upon the habits of the red 
ocypode crab, a terrestrial species which is common in some parts of 
India. This crab lives in holes in the sand, and although gregarious 
in the sense that numbers frequent the same spot, it appears that only 
in one respect is there social combination between the various 
individuals of the community. It has long been known that the 
species of Ocyftoda are furnished with a highly-developed stridulating 
organ upon one of the chelae. Mr. Alcock has noticed that each crab 
has a burrow to itself, and that if one of them, as often happens 
in the case of a panic, attempts to enter by mistake the burrow of 
another, the rightful occupier stridulates to warn the intruder of its 
error, whereupon the latter immediately retreats in search of its 
own abode. So strong is this instinct against trespassing, that 
a crab will always undergo the risk of a fresh run for safety rather 
than persevere in seeking concealment in the burrow of another. It 
is suggested that the benefit of this instinct is the avoidance of all 
ills, such as suffocation and bloodshed, which might result from over 
crowding in the burrows.”—(.Annual Magazine of Natural History. 
No. 6, vol. x., ft. 336.—Apud. The Year Book of Science : a Review 
of 1892. ft. 353.)