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6o° centigrade ; when the same fragments were floated in a saucer 
containing cold water they rapidly recovered their green colour, 
which was even intensified.”—(Beddard. Animal Coloration, ft. 60.) 
“ Mr. W. W. Smith has remarked that the prolonged drought 
recently experienced in New Zealand produced pale-coloured varie 
ties ; and that the Lepidoptera of that country are generally paler on 
the plains than on the hills. ‘ The higher we ascend the Alps,’ he 
remarks, ‘the more humidity we meet with, and the greater the 
darkening of the Lepidoptera, until we reach the summit, when they 
become perfectly black.’ ’’—(Beddard. Ibid. ft. 61.) 
“ It is at least possible that the tawny colours of desert animals, 
which have so often been brought forward as an instance of adapta 
tion to the hues of their environment, may be due to a similar 
cause.”—(Beddard. ft. 60.) 
This possibility becomes a very strong probability when 
we remember that dryness is the especial characteristic of 
desert regions. 
Exposure to, or protection from light, and change of 
temperature, are also powerful transforming agents. 
“ As a general rule those insects whose pupae are exposed are 
brighter in colour than those insects whose pupae are concealed, 
either in the ground or in a dense cocoon. Contrast, for instance, 
the bright colours of the Vanessidae—the ‘ Red Admiral,’ the Peacock, 
and others—whose chrysalids are naked and freely suspended with 
the dull colours of most Satyrids which undergo their tranformation 
in the ground. Similarly the Tiger-moths and the Crimson Under 
wings contrast with the Cossidae and Agrotidae and most other 
Noctuae ; and among the Geometers the bright yellow Swallowtail- 
moth, Uraftteryx sambucaria, Angerona ftrwiaria, &c., may be 
compared with the sombrely-coloured species of the genera Boarmia 
and Biston.”—(Beddard. ftp. 62-3.) 
“ Dorfmeister learns from his experiments that temperature exer 
cises the greatest influence on the colour and marking of butterflies, 
when it acts upon them during the change into the pupa, or shortly 
afterwards. In many, a rise of temperature produces a lighter, more 
brilliant, ground colour; a fall, a darker or less brilliant—for example, 
Vanessa lo, Utricae. In Euprepia caja the red-yellow ground colour 
of the posterior wings is changed by a rise of temperature into 
vermilion red ; by a fall, into ochre-yellow.”—(Eimer. Organic 
Evolution, p. 1 31.)