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prescribed resources; and to acquire knowledge in order to reduce uncertainty 
regarding new equipment costs, availability dates, and performance. 
c. Manufacturer's Objectives: to produce and sell those serial products, 
modified parts and replacement parts internally developed and/or those specified 
by potential user or Research and Development (R&D) elements; to provide repair 
and maintenance services and operational training services to user elements; and 
to produce prototype products in accordance with user and/or R&D specifications. 
d. Educator's Objectives: to train active participants associated with 
user, R&D, manufacturing, and educational activities; to stimulate and train 
students for potential recruitment by such elements; to generate and/or carry 
out research effort requested or specified by such elements; and to acquire and/ 
or impart knowledge pertaining to such elements. 
e. Technical Society's Objectives: to advance knowledge in pertinent 
fields; to provide means for dissemination of new knowledge and information; 
to encourage the free exchange of ideas and communication; and to extend and 
encourage the use of the "art" and "science" in related fields. 
LASER-HOLOGRAPHY. 
In July 1960 a synthetic ruby crystal was irradiated by a helical xenon- 
filled flash lamp resulting in the formation of a pinpoint-sized beam of coherent, 
monochromatic deep-red light. The result--LASER. The word is an acronym 
for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Shortly afterwards, 
other versions of "optically pumped" lasers were introduced, namely, crystal 
lasers (calcium tungstate is one example) containing rare-earth or actinide 
metals; gaseous lasers (mixture of helium and neon, etc.), which oscillate con 
tinuously (not in pulses as the ruby lasers do) and which are in the invisible 
infrared range (rather than in the visible light range); and the injection lasers 
which are forward-biased gallium arsenide (or gallium arsenide-phosphide) 
diodes and which emit coherent deep-red light when high-density currents are 
sent through them with the wavelengths of the emitted radiations governed by 
the amount of phosphorous utilized. 
With these developments in laser technology the way was open to utilize 
effectively a field of optics which had been lying "semidormant" since its intro 
duction in 1948. This latter field is "Holography- imagery by wave front re 
construction which observers perceive realistically in three-dimensional form 
without the use of lenses. Use of the coherent light of the laser enables the 
capturing on film of special wave patterns reflected from the object. The result 
is a "hologram"--in appearance it is a meaningless gray mass of concentric 
light and dark circles (unlike in appearance to ordinary photographs). The 
three-dimensional image that is to be formed appears to be floating in mid-air 
behind the film into the light of the laser. Another unique characteristic of the 
hologram is that the observer can view the image to one side and his view of the 
original object changes just as if he were changing his angle of viewing of that 
object.