the field of 
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Capt. O. S. 
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D. Whitmore 
Photogram- 
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Cluff, Aero- 
tion Service; 
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orest Service; 
S. Geological 
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M. Johnson, 
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ETRY 
accurate maps 
he planetable 
restial photo- 
phic mapping 
ndary Survey 
st Survey and 
number in the 
Canadian members. Mr. J. A. Flemer was 
assigned to make a special study of Euro- 
pean photogrammetry and published the 
results in a book.? Several cameras were 
made in accordance with his designs in the 
instrument shop of the Coast and Geodetic 
Survey but did not come into wide use 
along the coast. The need for prompt 
location of hydrographic signals on large- 
scale sheets by a telescopic alidade used 
on a planetable immediately following 
triangulation during combined surveying 
operations from surveying vessels was not 
economically matched by ground photo- 
grammetric procedures. 
In 1919 aerial photographs taken by 
Naval aerial photographers were used to 
revise the chart of Atlantic City.? The 
report on this work called attention to the 
need for a rectifying camera to improve 
its efficiency. In 1919* experiments in 
cooperation with Naval Aviation at Key 
West to determine whether aerial photo- 
graphs could be used to locate coral heads 
in clear water had a negative result. Al- 
though many of the shoals found by wire 
drag appeared in the photographs, not all 
of them did so, and identification was often 
very difficult because of vegetation and 
light differences due to slight ripples. 
In 19205 a very efficient revision of the 
topography of the charts of the New Jersey 
Coast was made from a single strip of 
aerial photographs taken by Lt. A. W. 
Stevens, Army Air Corps. In 1921 and 
19225 surveys of the Mississippi Delta, and 
in 19259 of Lake Okeechobee, were made 
from aerial photographs taken by the 
Navy. These surveys indicated the ad- 
vantages of aerial photographs for sur- 
veying marshes but disclosed a number of 
practical difficulties in scheduling the 
supply of photographs. In 19287 work was 
commenced in mapping the Ten Thousand 
Islands and revising the charts of the 
Florida Coast from multiple lens aerial 
photographs supplied by the Army Air 
Corps. This work proved so economical 
and advantageous that photogrammetric 
surveys have been used continuously since 
then. 
In 19348 the Coast and Geodetic Survey 
with the cooperation of the National 
Bureau of Standards and the Fairchild 
Camera Corporation, and under the di- 
rection of O. S. Reading, undertook the 
design and construction of its nine-lens 
aerial camera and associated plotting 
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
   
    
   
   
   
   
    
   
    
   
   
   
    
   
   
     
    
    
   
   
    
     
   
   
    
   
   
    
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
     
   
   
   
   
  
equipment. The camera with its transform- 
ing printer was completed in 1936,919 a 
rectifying camera in 1941, and stereo- 
scopic plotters in 1943.! This camera and 
equipment have proved highly useful and 
economical in reducing the amount of 
ground control and flying required for 
mapping the coast. Although quite suc- 
cessful from the start in holding its adjust- 
ment and improving the efficiency of sur- 
veys, the camera had a number of residual 
errors due to unsymmetrical distortion of 
its lenses and difficulties in correcting for 
fiim shrinkage and distortion in printing 
the composite photographs. These have 
been gradually eliminated or minimized 
during the years it has been in use. Single- 
lens photographs with multiplex, stereo- 
planigraph and Kelsh plotting equipment 
have also been used but ordinarily with 
greater expense for ground control and 
higher over-all costs.!? 
Since 1930 a series of maps compiled 
from aerial photographs has been made 
for about 95 per cent of the Atlantic and 
Gulf Coasts, the important harbors of the 
Pacific Coasts and about 20 per cent of the 
Coast of Alaska. These maps are usually 
on the same scale as the hydrographic 
surveys of the adjacent waters, 1:5,000, 
1:10,000, or 1:20,000. They markedly in- 
crease the efficiency of the combined sur- 
veys needed for the nautical charts and are 
very useful to engineers and others inter- 
ested in the development of areas adjacent 
to the coast. 
The importance of photogrammetric 
surveys in the activities of the U. S. Coast 
and Geodetic Survey was recognized by 
the organization of a separate Division of 
Photogrammetry in 1945; this is charged 
with the principal topographic mapping 
activities of the Bureau. 
REFERENCES 
1. Bache, R. Meade, “Civil and Military 
Photogrammetry,” American Philosophical 
Society, Proceedings, Vol. 30, No. 138, May 
6, 1892. 
2. Flemer, J. A., “An Elementary Treatise on 
Phototopographic Methods and Instru- 
ments,” John Wiley & Sons, New York, 
1906. 
3. Quillian, C. G., “Airplane Surveying,” 
C&GS Season's Report, No. 81 (unpub- 
lished), August 20, 1919. 
4. Mattison, G. C., “Determining the Feasi- 
bility of Locating Rocks and Coral Heads 
in the Florida Keys by Photographs from 
3