Full text: Proceedings of the Congress (Part 1)

350 
N. Hagberg: Interpreta 
tion of Forest Stand 
Data from Aerial 
Photographs. 
A paper by Dr. N. Hagberg of Sweden, was read by title only, Interpretation 
of Forest Stand Data from Aerial Photographs: 
Sweden is a land of forests. The biological and practical unit in the forest is 
the stand. Consequently, stand studies which constitute a basis for planning of 
cuttings and other work belonging to forest administration are of great import 
ance. Now stand studies rapidly can be made by using aerial photographs. Forest 
maps and descriptions as well as observations in the field can to some extent be 
replaced by photographs. 
The amount and the accuracy of the practicable informations from photo 
graphs for the main part will depend on: 
1. the quality and scale of the photographs, 
2. the interpreter’s knowledge of forestry, and 
3. his training in aerial photo interpretation. 
Swedish experience relates to vertical photographs, chiefly taken during the 
summer with wide-angle cameras from an altitude of 4 000—5 000 m (13 000— 
16 000 ft.) on panchromatic film, scale 1:20 000 to about 1:30 000 and with 
normal overlap of 60 % and 40 %, respectively. Stand data are usually inter 
preted from contact prints (black and white) by aid of pocket and reflecting 
stereoscopes with microstereometers. The conditions for photo interpretation are 
different in different parts of the country. The stand density and the height of 
trees as well as the demands of accuracy increase as one goes from north to 
south. In the north the stands are larger and more uniform. In order to provide 
a basis for interpretation it is generally required that photographs of some stands, 
that have been studied from the ground shall be used. The following experience 
relates to the middle parts of Sweden. 
The quality of site and some other important elements of the ground condi 
tions can only be approximately estimated for isolated stands, but the average 
for a number of stands may be of practical value. The number of trees per unit 
of area can be counted in favorable instances. In older spruce stands the error 
can be limited to a few percent. Conifers can be distinguished from deciduos trees 
by means of infrared film or panchromatic photographs taken in the spring or 
autumn. Spring photographs also can allow spruce to be distinguished from pine. 
Height of trees (15 to 20 m) will usually be underestimated to between 1 and 2 
meters. Stand density appears clearly, and type of stand rather well. The volume 
of a stand is only approximately estimated from crown diameter and tree height, 
or by comparing the stand with similar sample plots, that have been estimated 
before on the ground. 
Interpretation des Waldbestandes auf Luftbildern 
Schweden gehört zu den ausgeprägtesten Waldländern der Erde und verwendet nun Luftbilder 
in grosser Ausdehnung sowohl für Orientierung in den Wäldern als auch für Kartierungszwecke 
und für Planungen verschiedener Arbeiten in der Forstwirtschaft. Als wichtigste Einheit des 
Waldes wird der Bestand sowohl unmittelbar, auf dem Boden, als mittelbar mit Hilfe von Luft 
bildern und Stereoskop studiert. Die Bilder sind gewöhnlich mit B.MK 20 cm/30 X 30 cm oder 
mit Aviotarkameras von etwa 4 000—5 000 m Höhe senkrecht aufgenommen worden. Eine gute 
Photo-Interpretation kann nur auf eine gute forstliche Ausbildung und jahrelange Übung mit 
Luftbildern gegründet werden. Einige der schwedischen Erfahrenheiten werden hier angedeutet. 
Die Bodeneigenschaften können nur unsicher, die Bestandesverhältnisse ziemlich genügend iden 
tifiziert werden. Man kann in günstigen Fällen die Anzahl der Stämme zählen und die Baum 
hohen mit 1—2 m Fehler (Unterschätzung) bestimmen. Die wichtigsten Holzarten — Kiefer, Fichte 
und Birke — sind schwer zu trennen; mit Infrabildern und Frühlings- oder Herbstaufnahmen ist 
es gewöhnlich doch möglich. Die Vorräte können nach verschiedenen Methoden ungefähr, die 
Ertragsklassen aber meistens ganz sicher eingeschätzt werden.
	        
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