PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING 
tained so far proved to be not too successful 
as the cork trees usually occur mixed with 
Mediterranean Pine and scrub vegetation, and 
a more detailed delineation of type differences 
proved to be difficult. Perhaps the relatively 
small photo-scale of 1:25,000 was a handicap 
in this respect and possibly better results 
would be obtained with photographs made on 
a larger scale. 
WEST-GERMANY 
In connection with previous reports the 
following data can be given. During the 
period 1956-1959 the area covered by aerial 
photographs for forestry work only can be 
specified as follows: 
Bavaria 3.420 sq. km 
Baden-W ürttemberg 9.630 sq. km 
Hessen 280 sq. km 
Rhineland Pfalz 100 sq. km 
North-Rhine Westphalia 78 sq. km 
Lower Saxon 610 sq. km 
Total 14.118 sq. km 
Also used was other photographic material 
not taken solely for forestry purposes, so that 
a total of about 17,000 sq. km were worked 
out during this period by aerial photographs, 
or approx. one-fourth of the total forest area 
of West-Germany. The reason for this rela- 
tively high percentage can be explained by the 
fact that aerial photography is at present con- 
sidered essential for the periodic revision of 
management planning, which is made every 
10 or 20 years. 
Only 3095 of the work was done without 
using aerial photography, particularly when 
the percentage of forest cover was too low or 
when no photographic material was available. 
[t was possible with the use of air photographs 
to reduce the terrestrial measurements of 
new type boundaries to 109; of the area 
which otherwise would have been necessary. 
Therefore the extra cost in making aerial 
photographs was in most cases compensated 
by the saving in time and money which would 
have been necessary for terrestrial surveys. 
The scale of the photographs was normally 
1:10,000; in addition smaller scale photogra- 
phy was used, for instance 1:20,000 and 
1:30,000. For the latter wide-angle cameras 
are mostly used. Type of camera usually used 
for forestry purposes was Zeiss 21/18 and 
11.5/18 and Eagle IX. Panchromatic film was 
mainly used in combination with special 
filters. More experience with different film- 
filter combinations seems to be desirable. 
Some tests with colour films were made. 
10 
The compilation of forest maps was mostly 
achieved by transferring the type boundaries 
to existing cadastral maps by using a projec- 
tion instrument. In mountainous areas a 
more complicated instrument, such as the 
Stereotop is normally used. Also under such 
circumstances it was possible to make maps 
on a 1:5000 scale with an acceptable accuracy 
In some cases in the flat regions new maps had 
to be prepared, particularly when no accurate 
cadastral maps were available. Under such 
circumstances mostly first-order instruments 
were used such as the Stereoplanigraph and 
the Wild A.8 
JAPAN 
[n 1952 the Japanese Government was 
again allowed to use its own aircraft for mak- 
ing aerial photographs. A rapid development 
in aerial survey can be observed since that 
time; this has contributed to the rapid devel- 
opment of its application to Japanese for- 
estry. 
As a result the Forest Service issued in 
1058 a revision for the survey methods in 
State Forests. This revision was based mainly 
on the introduction of modern air survey and 
sampling methods in order to achieve better 
management. The program entailed photo- 
graphing a total area of 1} million ha of the 
State Forest per year. The photographic scale 
varies between 1:32,000 and 1:35,000 in the 
northern part of the country, and from 
1:20,000 to 1:25,000 in the South. 
The main uses of the aerial photographs 
are as follows: 
1. For map construction of forest areas and 
occasional revisions in the location of 
compartment and  sub-compartment 
boundaries. 
2. To determine timber volume based upon 
stratified sampling. 
3. Construction of aerial volume tables for 
the main species. 
4. For road location, determination of ex 
ploitation classes and for recreation pur- 
poses. 
5. For practical use on the spot by the local 
Forest Service. 
The original negatives are kept by Forest 
Headquarters. Photo prints are distributed to 
the different Planning Sections and to the 
local Forest Service. 
In the private forests 3 million ha of forest 
area are mapped every year. This work is 
done partly with new photographs and partly 
by old ones taken by the US Air Force before 
1952. The utilization of air photos by private