Since the primary aim of the review was to collate rather than 
dictate, and also because both time and space were limited, no attempt 
has been made to critically analyze the contents of every publication. 
Another reason for critical restraint was the well-known lack of suitable 
off-the-shelf equipment, which has often forced researchers to improvise 
with the limited tools available to them. Obviously, in these 
circumstances, what was considered appropriate in one situation would 
not necessari be appropriate elsewhere. In many cases, complete 
technical data were not published and critical analysis of the research is, 
thus, further complicated. 
i. BEGINNINGS OF BIOMEDICAL STERE PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
The beginnings of stereophotogrammetry can be traced back to 
Euclid (c. 250 B.C), Galen (c. 130-200 A.D), Leonardo da Vinci 
(1452-1519), Giovanni Battista della Porta (1538-1615), and others who 
commented on the difference between the two images scen by our left 
and right eyes or, more recently, to Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) 
who is generally credited with founding the science of stereoscopy in 
1832. He realized that the appearance of solidity and distance which we 
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see naturally by means of binocular vision could also be produced 
artificially by making two drawings from slightly different viewpoints 
and presenting each to the appropriate eye in an instrument of his own 
invention which he calied the "stereoscope," from the Greek, sfereos 
meaning "solid" and scopeo meaning, “I look at.” In à subsequent 
(1838) communication to the Royal Society in London, he mentioned 
several forms of stereoscopic instruments and described in detail the 
reflecting stereoscope “by means of which two perspective diagrams of 
the same object were seen at one view as completely solid as the object 
itself." Sir John Herschel described Wheatstone's discovery as “one of 
the most curious and beautiful for its simplicity in the entire range of 
experimental optics." 
In August 1841, shortly after the invention of photography, 
Wheatstone arranged for a stereopair of photographs to be taken of 
Charles Babbage, the mathematician, by a well-known portrait 
photographer of the day, Henry Collen, but lack of a stereo camera 
combined with high costs and slowness of the emulsion retarded the 
growth of stereophotography for some time. It was in the mid 1850's 
that the first double-image stereo cameras appeared and stereoscopic 
pictures of street scenes taken by George Washington Wilson, Antoine 
Claudet, and others became popular. Street scenes of this type with 
action shots of humans in motion (taken at a distance because of the 
slow emulsion) were used for biomedical purposes by the physician 
Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894), father of the famous American 
jurist of the same name. He used stereoscopic pictures taken in 
Edinburgh, London and Paris to study human gait (1863) which, in turn,