The. article includes 
, a female face and an 
X-ray contour map e the mandible. He discussed the ES ERE of 
these measurements for various dental, genetic and Psy ychological 
purposes. Independently, (i.e. apparently without any help from Savara), 
Mikhai T REIS and Roger (1966) of the Civil Engineering Department, 
M University, undertook a collaborative study with two dentists, a 
psychologist and a statistical specialist in genetics. They explored the 
feasibility of using photogrammetry, both analog and analytical for 
measuring dental casts in genetic research. With admirable objectivity, 
they discarded the idea of using a traditional stereophotogrammetric 
approach and proposed an alternative non-photogrammetric method 
based on direct stereometric analysis of the casts. 
surface of the did Mis Hoppe) ry. 
contour maps of a firs "pn e-molar, the lower teeth 
Using modified Honeywell Pentax cameras, Heinz Gruner of Bausch 
& Lomb in collaboration with faculty members of the Eastman Dental 
Center in Rochester, New York, developed a photogrammetric system 
for dental surgery. Several papers (Gruner, 1967; Gruner, Zulquar-nain 
and Zander, 1967; Zulquar-nain, Burgess and Zander, 1967; Burgess and 
Zulquar-nain, 1968; and Gruner, 1970) have resulted from this 
collaboration. The prime objective was to obtain reliable 
three-dimensional measurements of the human oral cavity to determine 
and clinically control changes in teeth configuration and gum and bone 
tissues before and after surgery. The results showed agreement between 
model orientations “well within the toleration of 0.5 mm at the model 
scale" and elevation measurements "better than a 0.1 mm tolerance 
specified at the natural object scale (Gruner 1970)." They emphasized 
that the work was aided considerably by using a re-usable individual 
control pattern for each patient. 
Further research by McGivern of Bausch & Lomb and Eick and 
Sorensen of the School of Dentistry, State University of New York at 
Buffalo has led to ftinroveintens in the Bausch & Lomb-Honeywell 
Pentax stereocamera system. They reduced the object conjugate by half 
which doubled the negative and model scales. Although this 
modification presented several optical, mechanical and operational 
problems, they described how these difficulties were surmounted 
(McGivern, Eick and Sorensen, 1971). Based on a series of tests, they 
concluded that the new system is capable of distinguishing the 
difference in height at various positions on the tooth and tooth 
restorations to within 50 micrometers at the 95% confidence level. 
By moving the model between exposures, Berkowitz and Pruzansky 
(1968) obtained stereopairs of cleft palate casts with a single camera as 
Savara (1965) had done a few years earlier. With a Galileo-Santoni 
stereoplotter they compiled detailed contour maps showing serial 
topographic changes in the palatal vault——which is of special interest 
because it can affect tongue posture. They aiso used contour maps to 
  
p —— MÀ — 
/