Germany, as early as 1922, Erggelet measured the keratoconus-——the 
conical protrusion of the central part of the cornea——with a 
stereocomparator. Other German investigators (Gürtler 1928-29, Lips 
1928. Lobeck 1942) have used stereophotogrammetry for studying eye 
disorders. In his book Lacmann (1950) published diagrams of a Zeiss 
Jena stereocamera specially designed for ophthalmic purposes and 
showed two contour maps of the keratoconus superimposed on a 360° 
angular grid. In 1948, the Norwegian, Ollers, used the lateral orbital 
ridges as reference points in his stereophotogrammetric method for 
measuring protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmology). 
More recent studies in this area have been carried out by: 
Rzymkowsky (1954) and Urmakher (1957) in Russia; Miskin (1956), 
Ffytche (1968) and Dowman (1971) in England; Krakau (1956), Bynke 
and Krakau (1960) and Backlund and Torlegárd (1968), in Sweden; 
McNeill (1956) in the United States; Bonnet and Cochet (1959, 1960 
and 1962) in France; Crock and Pare] (1969), and Crock (1970) in 
Australia. A few other investigators in England (Elkington and 
Dowman), Canada (Shirmer and Kratky), and the United States 
(Schwartz) have been investigating various uses of stereophotogrammetry 
in ophthalmology but they have yet to publish their findings. 
3.4 Trunk and Limbs 
Various trunk segments have been measured stereometrically in 
connection with studies of spinal deformation (Hugg, Herron and 
Harrington 1971), respiration (Hagberg, Hjelmstrôm and Adams-Ray 
1954, Oswald 1971) and breast volume changes (Liebelt et al. 1971), 
among others (Freund 1928-29 and Kunov 1971). The potential of 
stereophotogrammetric limb plethysmography (plethysmography is the 
recording of volume changes) has been demonstrated for prosthetic 
design (Herron 1971), cardiovascular (Herron and Cuzzi 1970), and 
therapeutic (Herron, Peterson and Healey 1970 and Herron 1972) 
purposes. 
3.5 Microanatomy 
A binocular microscope was described by Cherubin d'Orléans about 
1671 (Richards 1968) and stereophotomicrography has been practiced 
for over one hundred years (Judge 1950), yet applications of 
stereophotogrammetry in microbiology have been relatively few. 
According to Lacmann (1950), Zeller used microphotogrammetry in 
1937, but most of the relevant literature has appeared within the last 
twenty years. The increased interest in microstereophotogrammetry has 
been sparked by the rapid growth of electron microscopy. 
Helmcke (1954a, 1954b, 1955 and 1965) and Burkhardt (1955) 
have described in some detail the problems of restituting the geometry 
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