pod 
H 
to 
o 
n 
   
S M ~ 
L- na i £ LIFE £0 ios f 3 oen Tn, vm P". ree 
LSPRACS TNR PLE TT M e 2. wana phot Ge € 
[mage tone controlled by the intensity of the 
depends on the operating frequency of the 
  
Sob gn fy Fm avert A + rn AR m ht a - 3* 7.455 i Yon ; 
gration, the augles of radiation, the texture of the surface 
oma 3 teal prn rent eg - Pa 5 ne 
and DaySsical properties of the objects under radiation. 
Z^ vi tm EY frs ie dh AXIS" Y^ à : adn . ^ D sf T me RI 
Furthermore, owing to The small angles of radiation radar 
ima ges give the pronounced almost s "imis al relief no 
abord A e AM BE che J Cd. d. * 8 CALULVARD V SCHULD’ id. I" C Le 16 E DO 
Radar inasges obtained with "Toros", because of th 
SER vy poy wd 3 T y x: 3 4 * £3 4 i ^Y 
cific properties listed above and the certain generalization 
small scale as well, ant a new addi- 
  
as opposed to airphotos. They are exten- 
ety used in the USSR in compiling ice Charts and in geo- 
sic explorations. 
tT VE Fi env , 08 cvy v^ e ^ 
The "Toros" system enables on 
o 
to compile maps of ge- 
neral ice distribution based on the results of ice surveys, 
to carry on navigational reconnasissances aimed at compiling 
detaillarge-scalemaps of ice condition and distribution - 
directly for seafaring - as well as to conduct special ex- 
in scientific experiments intendèd to 
ensure c engineering, res scue, and other works on Be&. 
The intensity of the radar signal reflected from the ice 
surface depends on the relief and "roughness" of the latter 
and on its physical properties and condition as well. 
?hese characteristics may vary within a wide limits, however - 
there exists generally à sum total of indications for each 
of the ice SEEN which relates exactly to the parti- 
the surface relief, the partioular confi— 
> 
cular features of 
guration and size of tbe ice-fields. 
Contour details, such as the edges of sea ice~flces 
frozen together end covered with snow, narrow frozen cracks 
and ors.,and distinctions in the character of microrelief 
of the floe surfaces, which cannot be detected neither in 
visual air reconnaissance nor in airphotos may be observed 
in radar images especially well. With these images one can 
obtain the Follomtcs characteristics of the sea ice cap $ 
its age (using emlsrged gradation), degree -of packing, rela- 
ve amount of the floes of different sizes,the degree of 
+ + % a