Type II damage, indicated by trees that show partial defoliation, or deformation, accounted for 31% of the 
damage volume. Of this damage, 25% was Type IIA - defoliation concentrated at the top of the conifer. In most 
cases, this damage was caused by white pine blister rust. Type III damage, indicated by discolored foliage, 
accounted for 24% of the damage volume; 8% of which was dead foliage. This 8%, by another growing season 
would be added to the 47% Type I damage. In the paper to be presented, a breakdown of the damage 
syndromes, and their causes, is outlined. 
The damage syndromes described by the photo interpretation key were more than adequate to classify the 
damage. The photo description of the tree was used more to locate the tree on the ground than to identify a 
cause of forest damage. There were no significant inclusion errors, those that did occur resulted from early fall 
coloration of hardwood. (Some authorities feel that early fall coloration is a symptom of tree stress). All of the 
trees counted as inclusion errors were under the 3.6-dbh limit and would not generally be counted in a forest 
survey. Since the photo interpreter was not able to see an intermediate or suppressed tree hidden under a crown 
of a dominant tree, some exclusion errors resulted. 
The test of the key showed that forest damage syndromes could be identified, and that, even on the ground, 
it was sometimes impossible to give a cause for the damage. 
28. North, G.W. 
United States 
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FROM 
AIRCRAFT AND SPACECRAFT 
Abstract not provided. 
29. Novotny, I. 
Hungary 
WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING BY THE JOINT APPLICATION OF 
THE RESULTS OF THE PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND THE LAND SURVEY 
Basic ground maps are made in Hungary by photogrammetric methods. The basis of the survey is the 
photomap on the lowlands, and the stereophotogrammetric plotting on hilly and mountainous areas. The 
scheduled works based on long range projects are carried out systematically each year. The scale of the aerial 
photographs is between 1:12,000 and 1:20,000. 
For the sake of the coordinated development of the management of water supplies, the Water Conservancy 
Branch prepared a management frame project for the whole country. The frame project contains general 
conceptions, broken down to aerial units. The detailed elaboration of the water systems and the water 
conservation of the different areas belong to the local authorities. The aerial photograph, made for state 
mapping, can be variously used to solve the tasks of the water conservancy authorities, quicker and in a more 
effective way. 
1) When necessary, it is possible to control or to supervise on the photomosaics, or on the prints of aerial 
photographs, the frame plan of the water conservancy conception. 
2) With the supervision of the areas, photographed yearly, it is possible to clear up the actual efficiency of 
the water conservancy, the stage of the drainage ditches of inland waters and reservoirs, the reed bank 
growing of the fish ponds, the drainage efficiency, the erosion activity, the development of gullies, the 
formation of shallows, the discharging river banks, the influence of regulators, the stage of dikes. On the 
basis of the survey, it is possible to determine the areas or regions where an intervention seems 
indispensable. 
3) The enlarged aerial photographs taken from the areas, mentioned in the previous paragraph, permit the 
study of problems more effectively and one can elaborate the ground conception of the solution. 
4) The large scale photomap or the stereoplotting completed with local land survey are the base of detailed 
plannings. 
5) After some years of the realized objects, by the use of photographs made by hand-held cameras taken 
from the service's aircraft, one can supervise the precision of the original concept and the efficiency of 
the objects with the interpretation system. 
83