analytical aerotriangulation, systems analysis, 
and combinations of programs for photogram- 
metric and geodetic work. At the time, approxi- 
mately 70 per cent of aerotriangulation in the 
U.S.S.R. was done by analytical methods. 
Tuesday, July 13, 1976, from 15.45 to 17.15 
Session 2 of Commission Ill 
Topic: Aerial Triangulation (2): Systematic 
Image Errrors, Self-Calibrating Block 
Adjustment 
Chairman: Dr. J. Anderson (U.S.A.) 
After opening the session, Dr. Anderson listed 
the following papers related to the topic at hand, 
but for the presentation of which there would not 
have been enough time. 
Author: Dr. P. Boniface (Australia) 
Title: The Effect of Manual Plate-Cen- 
tering on the Accuracy of Indepen- 
dent Model Triangulation PP ////15 
Here Dr. Boniface discussed the effect of plate- 
centering errors on models of independent model 
triangulation which require reobservation. It is 
shown that unless a diapositive is centered on a 
plate-holder in a position identical .to that of the 
original observation, undertected "phi cracks" 
can occur which will give rise to large errors in 
height even after a strip adjustment. A method 
of correcting these errors at the observation 
stage is proposed and the error propagation is 
studied by means of a large scale test area. Dr. 
Boniface concludes that models are not in fact 
independent and must be observed in strict 
sequence in order to maintain optimum triangu- 
lation accuracy. 
Author: Dr. A. Grün (F.R.G.) 
Title: Die simultane Kompensation syste- 
matischer Fehler mit dem Mün- 
chener Bündelprogramm MBOP PP 
111/24 
Dr. Grin presents here a new and operational 
computer program (i.e. computation of starting 
values, automatical detection and elimination of 
gross errors together with the adjustment in 
one program) based on a very general and vari- 
able bundle formula: rigorous solution with addi- 
tional parameters as weighted observations, 
analysis of the stochastic properties of these 
parameters, control points as weighted observa- 
tions. 
Author: Mr. G. Haug (F.R.G.) 
Title: Analysis and Reduction of the Sys- 
tematic Image and Model Deforma- 
tions of the Aerial Triangulation 
Test Oberschwaben PP 111/25 
The paper deals with a method for the correction 
of the influence of systematic image and model 
deformations in aerial triangulation which had 
been suggested by Mr. G. de Masson d’Autume 
(France). The method is applied to the test ma- 
terial of Oberschwaben. The results of block 
adjustments by the bundle method and by the 
method of independent models, with and without 
correction for systematic errors, are compared 
with each other and checked for the harmony 
with theoretical accuracy expectations. Here the 
98 
bundle method proves to be superior to the 
method of independent models. 
Author: Ms. J. Hvidegaard (Denmark) 
Title: Densification of Trigonometric Nets. 
Practical Experiences with Bundle 
Adjustment PP 111/127 
Here the accuracy of 11 blocks, covering an area 
of 631 km?, has been tested in the field by mea- 
suring distances between points with determined 
coordinates. The standard error of the distances 
calculated from the coordinates of 850 photo- 
grammetrically determined points was 5 cm. 
The photo scale was 1:8000—1:10000. 
Author: Mr. M. Schilcher (F.R.G.) 
Title: Some Practical Examples of Sys- 
tematic Errors of Stereo-Models 
PP 111/52 
A study of various controlled blocks has produced 
interesting and valuable information regarding 
important charasteristics of systematic model 
errors. The most essential result of empirical 
analysis is proof that the magnitude of the sys- 
tematic horizontal and vertical errors of the model 
is considerable, with only slight variance. As a 
rule, correction therefore results in considerably 
increased accuracy. 
Author: Mr. L. Turdeanu (Romania) 
Title: Un procédé de compensation ‘en 
bloc des photogrammes à recouvre- 
ment simple pour le cas des terrains 
plans PP 111/61 
The author suggests an adjustment method for 
blocks of aerial photographs having 20 per cent 
forward overlap and sidelap in flat ground, where 
stereoplotting is not necessary. This method 
implies a reduced number of control points — 
on the two sides of the block — which are to be 
determined in the ground, thus, using two tie 
points for photograph connection. 
Author: Mr. L. Mauelshagen (F.R.G.) 
Title: Teilkalibrierung eines photogram- 
metrischen Systems unter Verwen- 
dung von Testfeldern PP 111/40 
A report on test field calibration is given. Ne- 
glecting the determination of the focal length 
and the coordinates of the principle point, a 
calibration was done over the nearly levelled 
Rheidt/Bonn test area using different control 
point configurations. Results of wide angle and 
super wide angle flights, which have been carried 
out in context with the OEEPE-mission of Ober- 
schwaben 1969, are presented for single, double 
and quadruple strips applying a partial third order 
polynomial (additional parameters). 
Author: Dr. J. Thomas (F.R.G.) 
Title: Kompensation systematischer Bild- 
fehler durch die Bildfluganordnung? 
PP 111/59 
The question is considered, whether a compen- 
sation of systematic errors is to be reached by 
manifold flying and subsequent simultaneous 
bundle adjustment. Based on extensive empirical 
investigations fundamental connections between 
types of systematic image errors and optimal 
compensating flying dispositions are found; the 
respectively resulting compensation can be re-