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Mr. Helava spoke of digital technology being 
central to automation. He mentioned digital 
sensor systems employing semi-conductor arrays; 
digital processing to perform rectification, cor- 
relation, and ortho-rectification; digitizing of 
analogue plotter output: automated cartography: 
digital data banks; and remote sensing. 
Dr. Dubuisson said the instruments, peripheral 
equipment and methods designed for the appli- 
cation of automated techniques can be flexibly 
adapted to a variety of uses: all the way from 
digitally controlled plotting tables to real ana- 
lytical plotters, including semi-analytical systems 
registering coordinates. He observed that the 
use of automation seems inevitable, taking into 
account socio-economic development and the 
demands of integrated control. 
Mr. Denégre spoke about using elevation data 
generated in the past along with new photo- 
graphy to generate new orthophotos. The poten- 
tials of automation in connection with existing 
cartographic data banks are twofold, depending 
on the permanency of the information: generally, 
numerical photogrammetry is a source of carto- 
graphic information; but, then again, this same 
information — elevation data, in particular — 
allows for the automation of photogrammetry 
(generation of orthophotos), as well as of carto- 
graphy itself: relief shading, gradient maps, block 
diagrams, etc. 
Dr. Zarzycki noted that objectives of automation 
should be reduction of manpower, increased 
speed, creation of data bases, and increased 
convenience and economy. He said that manu- 
facturers of instruments should, however, see to 
it that automated methods remain interactive 
and that they allow a dialogue between man and 
instrument. The best results are obtained with 
an optimum amount of dialogue, not with com- 
plete automation, which is well demonstrated 
by the Gestalt Photo Mapper Il for the semi- 
automated production of orthophotos and con- 
tour lines. 
Dr. Konecny discussed automated systems under 
development for image processing, digital ortho- 
photoprinting, etc. With regard to the automated 
systems being developed at the time, he said that 
it was impossible to completely automate the 
cartographic process (line map) due to the role 
of interpretation; but the orthophotographic pro- 
cess, in turn, can be completely automated. 
This is the case with numerical orthoprojection, 
where satellite recordings, in digital form, can 
be differentially rectified and orthoprojected point 
by point with great accuracy. 
Mr. Schóler spoke on automation in East Ger- 
many, particularly for external sales. He advised 
that one should do what is necessary, not what 
is possible; a data bank is not an end in itself. 
He said that in developing automation in photo- 
grammetry not only the demand for production 
must be taken into account, but also the resulting 
need to train specialized personnel, and operation 
costs. He suggested that Commission IV occupy 
itself in the future with the education to be 
given to personnel dealing with automation. 
Mr. Keir described a digital mapping system for 
the commercial market which included eight 
Wild A-8 stereoplotters with digital output and 
a graphics digitizer, all on-line with a computer. 
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He said the digital mapping system of Hunting 
Survey had the following advantages: 
— increased profitableness 
— economy in the use of manpower 
— accelerated completion of projects 
— diversification of final product, thus adaptable 
to meet the needs of the market. 
Colonel Datta noted that India was both suspi- 
cious and cautious regarding automation, par- 
ticularly since there is such an abundance of 
manpower, but that automation is necessary 
because of the lack of trained manpower. 
He said that, in India, automation in photogram- 
metry covers not only the areas of data acquisi- 
tion (multispectral cameras and scanners), digital 
registration of points, and analytical aerotrian- 
gulation (programs of Schut and Ackermann), 
but also those of digitally controlled automated 
electronic tracing and large-scale orthoprojection. 
It should be underlined that, in India where 
unemployment is an acute problem, the general 
attitude towards automation is rather hesitant. 
Actually, it would seem that automation in carto- 
graphy is the only possible solution, when taking 
into consideration the demands of economic 
development and the fact that the "Service géo- 
graphique indien" was able to produce only 300 
maps out of the 1200 requested. 
Mr. Corten described an automated navigation 
system for acquiring aerial photography. He said 
an optimum solution is still to be reached in 
developing photographing techniques, which are 
of foremost importance in the photogrammetric 
process as a whole. Considerable economy can 
be achieved by improving the geometry of the 
coverage of aerial photography, as well in the 
field of stereomapping and aerotriangulation as 
in that of restitution and orthophotography. The 
system PHOTNAV of I.T.C. is an automated 
navigation system with a computer on board; 
it completely optimizes aerial photography. 
Dr. Dorrer closed the panel discussion by defining 
the difference between automation and semi- 
automation in photogrammetry, the latter nor- 
mally involving the human operator. He said the 
semi-automation processes had often been 
brought up in the course of the discussion 
at hand. The one obstacle in the way of com- 
plete automation is the superiority of the human 
brain over computers in interpreting bi-dimen- 
sional data. Consequently, manufacturers are to 
take into account the necessity of adapting their 
instruments to meet with human physical and 
psychological requirements, so as to optimize 
the interaction between the systems. On the 
other hand, users have to follow the course of 
development and have to state their demands 
with regard to new techniques, not clinging too 
closely to their old traditions. 
The following remarks were made in the course 
of the general discussion. 
Mr. D. Light (U.S.A.) asked whether photogram- 
metric instruments could be self-calibrated. He 
also asked whether the cost of instruments — 
of automatic data processing equipment, in 
particular — would be reduced in the future. 
Mr. U. Helava answered that it is possible to use 
a reseau for calibration (OMI) in an analytical 
plotter. 
Mr. Schóler said that automated photogrammetry 
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