as well as structure and condition for the forsted
areas are indispensable.
Traditionally the plotting of forestry resources has
been made in Switzerland from aerial photographs.
Lately a new method was developed by the Swiss
Federal Institute for Forestry, which applied the
methods of digital mapping. The evaluation of the
aerial photography and the digitizing of the desired
mapping information is obtained on a stereoscopic
restitution instrument. The following data process-
ing, using a large scale computer, first transfers the
recorded point-coordinates into the Swiss-national
coordinate system. The cartographic display of
these data as a map showing the forestry resources
is performed on an automatic drawing table. Simul-
taneously the programmed computation of the
wooded area is executed.
Furthermore a photogrammetric method was de-
veloped for establishing an inventory using photo-
graphy of extremely large scale. The method is
especially suited to catalogue the resources of de-
ciduous trees form photographs taken during the
winter season. The photography is taken from a
helicopter using a double-camera arrangement. A
special supporting structure having sufficient damp-
ing characteristics had to be developed. Aerial pho-
tography is furthermore used to delineate forest
damage and diseased trees.
4. Education Research and Development
Education:
Education in Photogrammetry is given at the two
Federal Technical Universities (Eidgenössische
Technische Hochschule Lausanne [Education in
French] and Zürich [Education in German]).
Both institutes are about equally equipped with
photogrammetric instruments, partly with digitizing
equipment and auxiliaries as drawing tables etc.
At the level for technicians, education in Photo-
grammetry is available at the "Technikum Basel",
which also has a selection of analog type evalua-
tion instruments.
Excellent equipped is the Swiss School for Photo-
grammetric Operators (Schweizerische Schule für
Photogrammetrie-Operateure) which is now 10
years in existence. Twenty five analog instruments
of various types are available. The education is
offered in German, English, French and Spanish.
30 students can be accomodated, a selection which
must be made out of typically about 200 inquiries
and applications. The participants are of different
nationalities. 1975/1976 the participants came from
15 different nations with 69 % from developing
countries. The attendancies have a very hetero-
genous background with respect to mentality and
previous knowledge and experience.
In addition to the main curriculum, the school offers
for smaller groups spring- and summer courses for
advanced training in special subjects as e.g. instru-
ment adjustment and calibration.
The education in Photo-interpretation and corres-
ponding developments are centred at the Geo-
6
graphic Institute of the University of Zurich which
acts also as a focal point for Swiss-research in
remote sensing (compare corresponding informa-
tion in this report).
Research and Development:
The research and development effort is centered at
the two Technical Universities (Lausanne and Zu-
rich) and at the scientific departments of the indus-
trial companies. Research activities are typically
oriented towards special purposes and take place
on a rather limited scale. Some developments of
specialized photogrammetric data acquisition as
well evaluation procedures are in support of prob-
lems having unconventional requirements.
Research at the ETH Lausanne by Prof. W. K. Bach-
mann was directed toward the statistical evaluation
of several basic problems in photogrammetry. Par-
ticularly the following research results are men-
tioned:
A new method was developed to generate on a
desk computer random numbers, or sequences by
a random walk procedure using manual manipula-
tions of stochastic uniform temporal distributions.
Furthermore a statistical investigation into the auto-
matic registration of coordinates was carried out,
considering the influence of systematic instrumen-
tal errors and the impact of rounding errors both
affecting the normal distribution of random measur-
ing problems.
The two basic problems of photogrammetry the re-
lative and absolute orientation of near vertical pho-
tography were investigated «from «the statistical
viewpoint in terms of covariances respectively by
confidence intervals for both the elements of orien-
tation and the triangulated coordinates.
Finally statistical investigations about photogram-
metric restitution equipment were conducted mak-
ing use of the auto-regression principle. The stoch-
astic performance of the equipment was judged
from measuring series extending over periods of
several days. Characteristic parameters of the be-
haviour of specific restitution equipment were ob-
tained. In support of these investigations the simu-
lation of measuring sequences by processes of
stochastic auto-regression was used.
Research at the ETH-Zürich.
The main ephasis was directed towards the applica-
tion and optimization of strictly numerical and analyt-
ical assisted evaluation methods, some designed for
use with desk computers. Some new pre- and sub-
programs to the rigourous analytical least squares
triangulation program were developed. Practical use
of the analytical method was made for studies con-
cerned with Grundbuch-measurement problems in
sub-alpine areas as well as for the fixpoint densifica-
tion of the city of Zurich. For this experiment a spe-
cially designed Wild RC-10 Reseau camera was
used. (Compare corresponding remark at the chap-
ter of Industry activities) Considerable effort was
directed towards the metric investigation of this
camera.
Both the ETH Lausanne and the ETH Zürich took
active part in the OEEPE experiments of Dortrecht
and Vienna.
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