L 
CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
H.M. Karara 
Department of Civil Engineering 
University of Illinois 
Urbana, Illinois 61801 
1l. INTRODUCTION 
Since the Ottawa Congress, two major symposia on close-range 
photogrammetry were held in the U.S. An International Symposium 
on Biomedical and Bioengineering Applications of Photogrammetry 
(Biostereometrics '74) was organized by ISP Commission V and held 
in Washington, D.C. in September 1974 in conjunction with the XIV 
Congress of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). A 
Symposium on Close-Range Photogrammetric Systems was sponsored by 
the American Society of Photogrammetry (ASP) and held in Champaign, 
Illinois in July 1975. Proceedings of these two symposia have been 
published [American Society of Photogrammetry, 1974, 1975]. 
2 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS 
Although various types of photogrammetric cameras are presently 
available for close-range photogrammetry, there is considerable use 
for "off the shelf" small-format non-metric cameras. Through the 
use of analytical procedures, e.g. the Direct Linear Transformation 
(DLT) approach developed at the University of Illinois [Abdel-Aziz & 
Karara, 1971], it has been possible to achieve with small-format non- 
metric cameras essentially the same order of accuracy obtained by 
close-range metric cameras [Karara, 1974b, 1975]. Abdel-Aziz & Karara 
[1974] extended the DLT solution to incorporate radial and asymetrical 
lens distortions. 
The Illinois Geological Survey and the University of Illinois 
conducted pilot studies on the use of small-format non-netric cameras 
to map geologic structures in underground and open-pit coal mines, 
with completely satisfactory results [Brandow et al, 1975]. A highly 
portable dual camera system, incorporating two pairs of modified 
Hasselblad SWC cameras, was developed by researchers at Baylor College 
of Medicine for whole body (front and back) photography [Hugg, 1974]. 
Using a Hasselblad 500C camera for photography and a Wild STK-1 stereo- 
comparator for data reduction, researchers at the University of 
Illinois obtained a geometric accuracy better than +0.1 mm in map- 
ping the surface geometry of aortic heart valves [Karara, 1974a]. 
At the University of Minnesota, Forstrom et al [1974] developed a 
special stereophotographic system for the measurement of jaw motion 
using light-emitting diodes, a movie camera, a prism and a set of 
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