ion 
0 
3. DATA REDUCTION 
A major trend in the development of close-range photogrammetry 
during the past four years has been the increasing use of ana- 
lytical data reduction methods. With little modification, many 
of the computational methods developed over the years for aerial 
mapping, can be used in close-range applications to handle any 
type of camera and any photographic configuration. 
Wong [1975b] discussed the application of the SAPGO-A simul- 
taneous analytical aerotriangulation program for close-range problems. 
Erlandson & Veress [1975b] established a mathematical model for the 
simultaneous adjustment of photogrammetric and geodetic data in 
measurements of structural deformations. Abdel-Aziz & Karara [1974] 
developed an analytical approach which gets around the lack of 
fiducial marks in non-metric cameras. The full documentation of 
this approach was published [Marzan & Karara, 1975]. Wong [1975c] 
gave an overview of the mathematical formulation and digital analysis 
in close-range photogrammetry. 
Digital models are extensively used in the U.S. to represent 
the surface of.objects and its behavior, and to determine such 
parameters as surface area, volume, velocity and deformation of the 
surface. Karara  [1974a] used digital models in connection with 
heart valve geometry; Erlandson & Veress [1975b] used them to monitor 
structural deformations; Lippert et al [1974] used them in conjunction 
with determination of spatial motion in the musculoskeletal system; 
Goulet et al [1974] utilized this concept for the parametric descriptior 
of the total human body. 
4. APPLICATIONS 
One of the most significant developments during the past four 
years was the rapid increase in the use of photogrammetric techniques 
in biomedical and bioengineering research. At the Biostereometrics 
Laboratory of Baylor College of Medicine, a photogrammetric system 
to map the human body was developed |Cuzai, 1974, Hugg, 1974]. The 
three-dimensional measurements were used to develop parametric 
description of the human body [Goulet et al, 1974] and to study the 
effect of extended space-flight on the body forms of astronauts 
[Whittle et ail, 1974, Keys et al, 1975]. Lippert et al [1975] con- 
ducted experimental studies on patellar motion using x-ray photogram- 
metry. Altschuler et al [1974] developed a mathematical technique 
for three-dimensional multiangular laminagraphy. Free [1974] con- 
ducted preliminary spinal examinations using Moire fringes to 
determine if wearing shoes distorts the spinal movement. Falconer 
[1974] and Portney [1974] reported on experiments to detect glaucoma 
by photogrammetrically measuring the shape and volume of the optic 
nervehead. Der Hovanesian & Tafralian [1974] used Moire fringes 
to measure surface deformations of arbitrarily shaped biomedical 
objects and applied this approach in corneal, podiatric, knee impact, 
and contour studies. Bowley and his associates developed a holographic 
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