[| ISP Commission I, Invited Paper] 
Integrated Flight and Navigation Systems 
F.L.J.H. Corten and F.-J. Heimes 
1 Introduction and Purpose 
  
From the earliest days of aerial photography, navigation has been one of 
two major bottle-necks in aerial survey. The other bottle-neck has been — and 
still is — the degree of vertical and oblique visibility which is limited by atmos- 
pheric haze, clouds, dust, smoke, sand and other aerosol and solid matter. 
The state of the art of modern technology has made it possible to solve 
the navigation bottle-neck, leaving the visibility as the major problem remaining 
in aerial photography. The solution to the former problem has been effected 
through the application of electronics, avionics and navionics 2, 
It is the purpose of this invited paper to present a condensed review of 
a. the survey navigation methods and instruments available today, with 
emphasis on modern integrated systems 
the accuracy of these systems, reached in survey flight 
their possible applications in aerial photography and survey, and 
the cost effectiveness of these systems. 
NSO 
Survey Navigation Methods 
The most important methods of navigation that are applied to aerial 
photography can be grouped under five headings; 
No. 1 Visual contact navigation 
2.1.1 Method: 
Visually followed flight lines which have been plotted on a detailed and 
reasonably up-to-date map of cultivated areas. 
2.1.2 Application: 
Large scale mapping of areas which have been mapped earlier in scales 
ranging from 1 : 100,000 to 1 : 25,000 — mainly being cultivated areas. 
2.1.3 Instrumentation: 
Simple magnetically slaved gyro compass 
Flight lines plotted on detailed maps 
Navigation telescope (Drift sight) ' 
Intervalometer, or: Overlap regulator, controlling the camera 
1) The first author has introduced a new term ““navionics”, denoting the physical 
components which determine or produce positional, directional, or navigational elements. 
UDC No. 528.715.1