2.3.3 Instrumentation: 
a. 
Shoran, Hiran, Shiran and similar equipment 
Or: 
Decca navigator and derivates 
Or: 
Tellurometer, Aerodist and similar ones 
Note: This type of equipment is typically applied to determine ground 
control. The beacons, transponders, monitors and other ground 
stations must be set up in or near the survey area — at known 
positions — under the surveyor's control. 
Omega and/or other VLF navigation systems 
Note: These global navigation systems are based on a few existing ground 
transmitter stations. Omega and/or other VLF systems are develop- 
ed for general navigation purposes. Nevertheless, special survey 
equipment is offered which seems to fulfil small and medium scale 
requirements or which is used as an aid to visual survey navigation 
methods. 
all (equipment a. and b.) including the corresponding airborne and ground 
equipment (Radar altimeter) 
Relatively simple compass 
Navigation telescope 
(Drift sight) 
Air/ground intercom 
Monitor ground station 
No. 4 Purely airborne navigation 
2.4.1 Methods: 
The most important self-contained purely airborne navigation methods 
are Doppler, and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). 
2.4.2 Applications: 
General aviation navigation 
Airline navigation 
Survey navigation in areas where the maps are inadequate 
Navigation and positioning for geophysical surveys 
Note: Both Doppler and INS are the heart of many integrated special 
purpose navigation systems, used for a great variety of purposes.