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6.11 Litton Industries Technical description of the Litton 51 Inertial 
System 
6.12 Pappas, M.J. Shoran-AN/USQ-26 microwave geodetic survey 
1964 system 
ISP Congress, Lisboa, 1964 
6.13 Powel, R. AN/USQ-28 verticality verification test 
1972 ISP Congress, Ottawa, 1972 
6.14 Zarzycki, J.M. Experience with a new mapping system employed 
1963 on a topographicl survey in Nigeria, 1963 
6.15 Zarzycki, J.M. The use of auxiliary data in aerial triangulation, 
1972 International Congress, ISP, Ottawa, 1972 
ABSTRACT 
Sensors suitable to serve as basic components in efficient integrated survey flight 
systems, have been developed several decennia ago but aerial survey has long hesitated to 
incorporate them in their standard survey flight and primary data collection systems; 
modern avionics and navionics 1) are applied for survey purposes nearly exclusively with 
remote sensing techniques, in satellite orbiting and in spacecraft travel. 
Recently, a few modern integrated survey flight systems have been designed 
and/or constructed and/or flight tested. Some of these serve to produce near-perfect 
navigation and survey photography lay-out—e.g. the ITC PHOTNAV system— whilst 
other systems strive at producing near-perfect navigation and determination of the 6 
elements of the aerial camera’s outer (or exterior) orientation at the same time—e.g.the 
Fokker F-27 system. 
The Invited Paper reviews and summarizes the principles, the set-up, the accuracy 
performance and some applicational possibilities of methods which are realistic today 
and in the near future. 
Major conclusions: Comparison of dóppler with inertial sensors and with ground- 
supported (e.g. VLF) sensors, when judged according to their "cost versus benefit" ratio, 
reveals that: 
ground-supported sensors — their errors depending mainly on ground stations' 
constancy, on atmospheric and ionospheric consistency and on solar system 
environmental events — are suitable for navigation but not particularly as basic 
components of integrated survey flight systems. 
doppler — its error build-up depending mainly on distance — is suitable particularly 
for use in propeller aircraft, but also in jet aircraft. 
inertial — its error build-up depending mainly on elapsed time — is suitable 
particularly for use in jet aircraft and for determination of the camera's orientation 
elements. 
1) The author introduces a new expression “Navionics”, defined as to denote 
physical-electronical-mechanical-atomic physic components which determine 
or produce positional, directional, or navigational elements.