e 2] - 
efficiently, by other instruments, the universality of the analytical 
instrument is to them of little importance, In this case, once the 
procedures are well formulated and researched on a universal analytical 
instrument a specialized system with optimized configuration of peri- 
pherals and corresponding software may be designed. The answer to the 
problem caused by tendencies toward specialization seems to be the 
modular design of analytical instruments. In that way starting with a 
minimal meaningful configuration any type of specialization or any 
level of universality may be accommodated by the simple addition of the 
necessary components. The modular build-up of hardware and software 
support is in the easy reach of present day computer technology (see 
2.19. The question remains with the optical-mechanical component. At 
present it is necessary that a minimal configuration contain a high 
precision optical-mechanical component that will allow for upgrading to 
the highest possible level of accuracy, universality and automation. 
In effect the only real difficulty when attempting a modular design of 
an optical-mechanical component is with the problem of increasing the 
measuring accuracy and the speed of carriage movements. Actually with- 
out a drastic change in the solution for the addressing of photo-points 
these two problems are virtually impossible to solve. The modular 
design for the other facilities that are needed to increase the univer- 
sality of the instrument or automate some processes is quite feasible 
(e.g. the addition of the facility for computer control of optical 
components, the inclusion of a position verifier as a digitizing aid, 
or the provision for auxiliary optical channels for the correlators). 
The third class of problems concerns the overall organization 
of application software packages, and the choice of optimal versions of 
individual application programs. The software operating systems of 
present day mini-computers and the architecture of these computers 
offer a large number of programming aids (e.g. multi-level automatic 
priority interrupts, overlays), for very effective organization of 
application software packages. Careful analysis of these facilities 
related to well defined functions of application software should result 
if an optimal general organization. 
The optimization of individual application programs is basi- 
cally less dependent on the characteristics of the software operating 
systems. The effectiveness of the performance of these programs 
depends mostly on the well designed procedures which exploit the best 
features of man-machine interaction. Research in this direction should 
be concerned for example with the optimal choice of data collection 
procedures in orientation programs, with the determination of overall 
efficiency of different variants of orientation programs (e.g. sequen- 
tial, quasi-simultaneous or simultaneous determination of parameters) 
and with many similar questions concerning the optimal design of orien- 
tation and compilation programs for different types of applications in 
different fields of photogrammetric activities. The solutions to all 
these problems may be found successfully only after considerable 
experience gained through the extensive use of analytical instruments 
and through the analysis of a statistically significant number of well 
organized experiments.