DEVELOPMENTS TO 1972 
The subject of automated systems in photo- 
grammetry has been regularly treated in recent 
congresses of the International Society for Pho- 
togrammetry. In 1964, an invited paper « Au- 
tomatic Photogrammetric Instruments» was 
given at Lisbon (Esten, 1964). In 1968, more 
invited papers were presented at Lausanne, in- 
cluding « Automatic, Analytic, and Allied Pho- 
togrammetric Equipment » (Nowicki, 1968) 
and « Automation in Photogrammetry » (Lo- 
renz, 1968). These papers were invited by Com- 
mission II. 
During the latest congress (1972) in Otta- 
wa, there were both invited and presented pa- 
pers on the general subject of automation at 
the technical sessions of both Commissions II 
and IV. Invited papers for Commission II in- 
cluded : «Developments in Photogrammetric 
Instrumentation in North America» (Bucci, 
1972); «Recent Instrument Development in 
Europe and Asia» (Makarovic, 1972) ; and 
« Automated and Analytical Instruments » 
(Lorenz, 1972). An invited paper on « Digiti- 
sing of Photogrammetric Instruments for Car- 
tographic Applications » (Petrie, 1972) was de- 
livered to both Commissions II and IV. An in- 
vited paper for Commission IV (Dubuisson, 
1972) covered « Contribution of Photogramme- 
try to Automated Data Processing » and contai- 
ned concise reports by five authors. The two 
commissions (II and IV) distributed in addi 
tion 15 presented papers on topics related to 
automation. 
As Commission II deals with instrumenta- 
tion and Commission IV deals with applica- 
tions, there is bound to be an overlap in the 
scope of the two commissions, as joint sessions 
attest. One can scarcely discuss the applications 
of a system without mentioning the instru- 
ments that make the application possible, or 
discuss instrumentation without mentioning 
the application for which the instruments are 
constructed. Accordingly, this paper will be 
addressed principally to applications of auto- 
mated photogrammetry, leaving the technical 
details of instrumentation, as far as practical to 
Mr. Yoritomo's paper. 
The resolutions passed at the end of the 1972 
congress recommended continuing the monito- 
ring of efforts in automation and reporting on 
2 
it during this (1976) congress. Before dwelling 
on the details of what has taken place since the 
Ottawa congress, it is perhaps useful to summa- 
rize the status of photogrammetric automation 
at that time, and again we will see that appli- 
cations are closely tied to instrumentation. 
Concerning instrumentation, the conclusion 
at Ottawa was that, in general, development of 
new equipment during the period 1968-72 was 
rather limited, attributed to the economic slow- 
down of the period on one hand, and the in- 
creased emphasis on automation on the other. 
Consequently, the accent was on developing 
new applications by optimizing available ins- 
truments and extending their capabilities by 
means of attachments and other peripheral 
components. Since this paper is concerned with 
automation, only systems incorporating some 
kind of automation are mentioned. These are 
generally classified in three groups. 
Mensuration 
The 1972 developments in mensuration con- 
cerned automatic prepositioning, automatic 
image scanning and correlation, and computer 
assistance. As examples, the OMI TAg/P com- 
puter-assisted comparator, the H. Dell Foster 
RSS 600 Mono-Digital Comparator, and the 
Mann type 2405 automatic (stellar) comparator 
may be mentioned. 
Stereocompilation 
Two new compilation instruments, the hy- 
brid stereoplotter and the image space stereo- 
plotter, were described at Ottawa. The hybrid 
stereoplotter uses any conventional (optical- 
mechanical) stereoplotting system to solve the 
projective equations, and a digital system to 
correct for the stereoplotter's inaccuracies, to 
account for mathematically defined systematic 
effects, and to provide final relative and abso- 
lute orientation. In the image-space plotter, the 
operator first compiles the stereomodel, which 
is recorded digitally, and later a graphic plot 
is produced offline with a computer incorpo- 
rating all desired corrections. 
In addition to the two new instruments, 
other developments discussed in 1972 included 
an electronic correlator for the Planimat, radar 
imagery restitution equipment, stereocompila- 
tion digitizers, and a system for stereo-ortho- 
photo.