reported), but they are not revolutionary ! Large countries (for instance, 
Indonesia) which are faced with the immense task of establishing a country- 
wide cadastre, consequently cannot solve their problem by copying the 
procedures followed in these European countries.. There the cadastre was 
established long ago and, for historical reasons, these countries have conti- 
nued their cadastral mapping programme, partly by photogrammetric 
means and partly by field survey, while maintaining high geometrical 
accuracy requirements which, at the most, are needed in exceptional cases 
only (e.g. when, after the survey, boundaries which have since disappeared 
must be reconstructed). When applying photogrammetry, these accuracy 
requirements necessarily result in a considerable investment in photogram- 
metric precision instruments. In either case, whether photogrammetry or 
field survey is applied, the progress of the survey will be very slow. 
Countries which have yet to start their land cadastre may design a 
more efficient survey procedure by making use of the present state of the 
art of surveying and by establishing modern cadastral laws and regulations. 
In this paper a procedure is proposed (at section 1.5) which makes the 
most efficient use of the advantages of aerial photographs, particularly 
when most of the cadastral boundaries are formed by topographic features. 
1.4 Classification of Photogrammetric Procedures 
Although it is thus not recommended to apply a method of high- 
precision photogrammetric restitution as a universal system in big 
developing countries, such procedures are discussed, nevertheless, in the 
review which follows. This is presented, firstly, to assess the capability of 
photogrammetric restitution in principle and, secondly, to consider the 
possible application of each procedure, starting with the most accurate. 
1.4.1 Numerical Stereo-Restitution 
The subjects of the numerical restitution may be: 
a signalised points 
b cadastral boundaries formed by topographic features 
c the remaining topographic features. 
Topographic features have to be “idealised” by replacing them with 
a polygon of terrain points. The idealisation errors in the detection perpen-