44 
ing of a surface and its behavior can be per- 
formed conveniently by using a digital 
model. Such parameters as surface area and 
volume as well as deformation of the surface 
and velocity and acceleration of surface 
points all can be computed directly from the 
digital model(s). Progress in this direction 
was reported from Canada, France, Norway, 
Sweden, the USA, and USSR. Analytical 
methods have been developed to generate 
contours, cross-sections, profiles, and 
perspective views directly from digital data. 
Naturally, the analog and semi-analytical 
approaches to data reduction continue to be 
used in different applications in all reporting 
countries. 
AREAS OF APPLICATION 
Architectural photogrammetry. Consider- 
able increase in the volume of activities in 
architectural photogrammetry and the de- 
velopment of new methods and techniques 
characterized the reporting period. Austria, 
Canada, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, 
Hungary, Norway, Poland, South Africa, the 
UK, and USSR were among the countries re- 
porting significant increases in recording of 
historical items and sites. While historic cas- 
tles, cathedrals, altars, national shrines, 
battle-fields, defense installations, and other 
important buildings and grounds are subjects 
for photogrammetric documentation in most 
reqorting countries, the recording of the 
wealth of fast-deteriorating cave paintings 
and rock engravings of the Bushmen are 
among the unique features of the archeologi- 
cal photogrammetric activities in South Af- 
rica. Also, work is underway in Canada and 
the USA on the restoration of Indian villages 
and pueblos, using photogrammetry to doc- 
ument these historic items and sites and to 
prepare restoration drawings. In Sweden, 
applications to archeology include photo- 
grammetric measurement of prehistoric boat 
findings and sunken vessels. 
The expansion in architectural photo- 
grammetric activities was accompanied by 
the development of new techniques and 
methodologies. The application of or- 
thophotography to the documentation of 
facades of buildings and monuments was re- 
ported from Poland the Federal Republic of 
Germany (FRG), while Austria reported the 
use of analytical block triangulation for 
facade documentation. Experiments with 
underwater analytical block triangulation 
were undertaken in Sweden in connection 
with photogrammetric measurement of 
sunken vessels. 
The use of digital models and the deduc- 
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, 1976 
tion of any desired view of entire urban quar- 
ters to help planning against visual pollution 
was reported from France, the USA, and 
USSR. Experiments are underway, particu- 
larly in Canada and Italy, to evaluate the ad- 
vantages of analytical plotters in architectural 
surveys. 
In France, helicopters are widely used for 
large scale (1/500 to 1/2000) surveys of histor- 
ical items and sites as well as in conjunction 
with periodic control surveys in geologically 
unstable areas and for the measurements of 
large radio antennas. In Hungary extensive 
surveys of roof surfaces are conducted by 
aerial photogrammetry. 
Biomedical photogrammetry (bio- 
stereometrics). One of the most significant 
developments during the past four years has 
been the rapid increase in the use of photo- 
grammetric techniques in biomedical re- 
search and clinical medicine, as reported 
from numerous countries including Canada, 
Finland, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, 
South Africa, Sweden, the UK, USA, and 
USSR. This fast-growing field, referred to 
sometings as "biostereometrics", is fully ex- 
pected to continue to increase in importance. 
Studies in cranio-facial morphology, includ- 
ing facial surgery, ophthalmology, dentistry, 
and orthodontics were reported from Canada, 
Finland, South Africa, Sweden, UK, the USA, 
and USSR, while various spatio-temporal 
(4D) anthropometric studies were reported 
from Canada, Hungary, the USA, and USSR. 
Studies in stereometric X-rays were reported 
from Canada, FRG, Hungary, Sweden, USA, 
and USSR, and various studies and projects 
involving the determination of body geome- 
try and form were reported from Canada, Fr- 
ance, Hungary, Romania, South Africa, Swe- 
den, the UK, USA, and USSR. Biomedical 
studies connected with space flights were 
conducted by using photogrammetry in the 
USA and USSR. In the USSR, investigations 
were made on the positions of eyeballs of 
cosmonauts in orbit, while one of the US 
studies dealt with the effects of extended 
space flights on the body forms of Skylab as- 
tronauts. 
Industrial photogrammetry. The vast field 
which is generally referred to as "industrial 
photogrammetry” (encompassing the appli- 
cation of photogrammetry in building con- 
struction, civil engineering, mining, vehicle 
and machine construction, metallurgy, ship- 
building, and traffic, with their fundamentals 
and border subjects, including the phases of 
research, planning, production engineering, 
manufacture, testing, monitoring, repair, and 
reconstruction) has undergone significant