XIII Congress of the 
International Society for Photogrammetry 
Helsinki, 1976 
Commission V 
Working Group V/1 
Invited Paper 
Dr. V. KRATKY 
National Research Council of Canada 
Ottawa K1A OR6, Canada 
Analytical On-Line Systems in 
Close-Range Photogrammetry 
Generalized analytical concepts, applicable to on-line 
close-range photogrammetry and man-machine interaction, 
are presented. 
INTRODUCTION microtriangulations, photography with given 
Aen part of the credit for the 
remarkable achievements of close-range 
photogrammetry in the last decade should 
undoubtedly be given to the development of 
analytical methods. Quite naturally, the gen- 
eral character of analytical solutions can well 
cope with the great variety of conditions en- 
countered in close-range photogrammetry, 
non-metric systems with atypical image 
geometry, and an increasing need for per- 
forming some additional digital analysis of 
data. Most of the analytical methods are 
applied in an off-line mode; this means that 
the phases of data acquisition and processing 
are physically and timewise separated and 
the photogrammetric reconstruction is based 
  
ABSTRACT: There is a distinct trend in close-range photogrammetry to 
employ on-line digital systems, such as the analytical plotter, for solu- 
tions which otherwise may not even be feasible. It is shown that the 
basic characteristics of these systems are well suited to cope with the 
variety of conditions and objectives typical for close-range applica- 
tions. After the introduction of basic concepts analytical relations are 
discussed, as needed for the definition of image geometry, for the 
model reconstruction phase, and for the detailed photogrammetric 
compilation. The analytical structure of these procedures is pre- 
sented in a general way which allows for the most universal applica- 
tion. Finally, additional auxiliary functions of the system and its high 
potential for an efficient man-machine interaction are analyzed. 
  
whereas the uniformity of solutions offered 
by standard analog systems is not too compat- 
ible with the real needs in this field. Other 
factors which contributed towards this trend 
are the requirements for an extremely high 
accuracy in some applications, the use of 
setups involving multiple photographs and 
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING, 
Vol. 42, No. 1, January 1976, pp. 81-90. 
on a discrete point representation of the ob- 
ject. However, in many projects the element 
of continuity in data sampling, in processing, 
and in the presentation of results is predom- 
inant so that the on-line principle of simul- 
taneous data collection and processing be- 
comes desirable. 
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