altitudes(Riedler, 1977). This, clearly, defeats the argument of cost 
effectiveness of balloon photography in small projects. Moreover, the photography 
obtained in these cases was, with a few exceptions, not exploited so much for the 
quantitative as for the qualitative information it contained. 
Archaeological applications were the main stimulus for developing low altitude 
flying systems using balloons (Whittlesey et al., 1977) and non-metric cameras 
(Chliveros,1976 and 1979;Whittlesey,1970). No metric evaluation of the photography 
was attempted; photomaps and mosaics were constructed instead (Chliveros, 1976; 
Johnson, 1977). Recently, the interest in the use of relatively small balloons, 
carrying non-metric cameras, has increased and various systems have been developed 
(Badekas et al., 1980; Robinson, 1980). Lubowski and Waldhaeusl (1980) used a 
tethered kite shaped balloon, filled with hydrogen, for archaeological photography. 
However, they employed an extremely complicated procedure for determining the 
exterior orientation of the camera which considerably increased the time necessary 
for each photograph. This could be considered unnecessary, if the photography 
were to be evaluated analytically, but this was not the case. It is also worth 
mentioning the tethered hot air balloon System, developed by the Bergbaumuseum, 
Bochum, which was exhibited during the llth Congress of the International Society 
for Photogrammetry in Hamburg. No photographic results with this system have been 
reported. 
Summarising, balloons provide an easily operated, reliable, relatively safe 
and cost effective camera platform suitable for use in small projects where large 
scale photography is needed (Table 2). 
3. Kites and kite photography 
  
"...The tradition is that kites were invented by the Greek scientist Archytas 
of Tarentum in the 5th century B.C., but they have been in use among Asiatic 
peoples and savage tribes like the Maoris of New Zealand from time immemorial..." 
(Anon., 1975). Kites were flown in China more than 2000 years ago. The popular 
pastime quickly spread to Japan and the other countries of the Far East, each 
contributing, with its own tradition and legends, to the evolution of the form of 
the kites. Through India and the Arabic world kites reached Europe in the 15th 
century (Lloyd and Thomas, 1978). However, it was not until 1804, when Sir George 
Cayley first established the principles of aviation and introduced (1852) his man 
lifting "governable parachute", that kites were considered as a serious form of 
flying mechanism (Lloyd and Thomas, 1978). 
Koeppen and Rotch in Suering (1911) define the kite as "a solid body which, 
being specifically heavier than air, may be kept hovering through the conversion 
of the horizontal air pressure on one or more inclined planes, while tethered to 
the ground by one or more lines". The first serious scientific experiments with 
kites are attributed to A.Wilson (1749) and B.Franklin (1752), who conducted 
meteorological observations. Later (1855-1910), L.Hargrave developed his box 
shaped kite, which was a breakthrough in kite flying (Hargrave, 1897). In 1889, 
the first kite supported human flight by O.Lilienthal was reported (Lloyd and 
Thomas, 1979). In 1894, the first registering instrument with clockwork mechanism 
was lifted by kite at the Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts. Since then the 
use of kites has been pursued more systematically and rapid developments were to 
follow (Suering, 1911). Marvin (1895) intensified his investigations and by 
1891 there were 17 weather stations in the United States using kites for their 
observations (Suering, 1911). In the meantime, C.J.Lamson and W.A.Eddy were each 
developing their own kite designs (Lloyd and Thomas, 1978; Rotch, 1899 and 1901), 
while Captain B.F.S.Baden-Powell (1897) introduced his man lifting war kites 
(Baden-Powell, 1897). 
The first photographs obtained from a kite were taken by E.D.Archibald in 
1883 while he was experimenting with measuring wind velocity at various altitudes 
(Rotch, 1901). Kite photography was further developed by Batut and Wenz in 
France until 1898, when Lieutenant H.D.Wise first described his complete system 
(Wise, 1898). This consisted of several kites lifting a 4x5 inches (100x125 mm) 
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