TEM 
Information 
se of GPS in 
metry. 
ake 15 to 20 
ve Cadastral 
significantly, 
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nth pressure 
, has become 
id and to the 
serve multi- 
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will be more 
ion in expen- 
| may not be 
the basis of 
CADAST- 
of this prob- 
t the second 
-aphic Con- 
eld in Tokyo 
r points that 
be based on 
yuld be con- 
detic net. 
le in 1957 by 
Conferences 
ed the ‘First 
st Surveys 
elhi, on 9th 
‘or an enact- 
[easures Act 
Central and 
ies to adopt 
ilso involved 
orest Survey 
survey meas- 
renamed as 
nce’ held at 
essed on the 
tral Surveys. 
  
- Modernisation of techniques and equip- 
ments 
- To bring about better coordination be- 
tween the Survey of India and the State Survey 
Departments 
- To consider and provide adequate training 
facilities for the Cadastral Survey personnel 
Cadastral maps are large scale maps and 
need greater effort in the field in terms of equip- 
ment and personnel. They are more expensive as 
compared to topographical maps when prepared 
in a scientific manner after following surveying 
principles. The cost factor can be considerably 
reduced by cutting down the predominant cost of 
field work. Aerial photography has come to the 
rescue in achieving this aim. There is no other 
alternative but to use various photogrammetric 
methods. These methods offer superior products 
with a large volume of information in a short time. 
The present day cadastral maps should not limit 
themselves to the narrow definitions but should 
serve as land information maps required for plan- 
ning at ull levels. They should even form base for 
project surveys and even topographical surveys, 
where possible in due course of time. 
ANDHRA PRADESH EXPERIENCE 
Large scale cadastral surveys in the State of 
Andhra Pradesh were conducted during the last 
quarter of 19th Century and the first quarter of 
this Century. For historical reasons, different sys- 
tems of surveying the lands and preparing basic 
land records were adopted in the two regions of 
the state, in Andhra and Telangana areas, which 
were then parts of the Madras Presidency and the 
Nizam State respectively. 
The earliest cadastral records in the State 
are now more than hundred years old and have 
mostly outlived their utility. They are not com- 
mensurate with the present day requirement and 
do not reflect the aspirations of the land holders. 
The procedures adopted for maintenance and up- 
dation of these records are archaic, time-consum- 
ing and often result in the very failure of the 
maintenance system. Consequently, the out- 
dated land records are not in a position to satisfy 
the growing demands of both the public as well as 
the Government for the following reasons - 
- Gigantic workload due to lack of updating since 
decades. 
317 
- Limited survey potential and meagre fiscal 
resources of the States. 
- Inordinate delay in completion of Survey/Resur- 
vey process using conventional method. 
- Pressing demands from the ryots for up-to-date 
records. 
- Implementation of Rural Development 
Programmes. 
- Pending legal disputes regarding ownerships 
for want of reliable records. 
- Limited land vis-a-vis phenominal population- 
growth. 
- Soaring land value. 
- Restricted requirement of number of copies. 
- Need to develop Land Information System. 
ACCURACY STANDARDS 
The Survey Manual of Departmental Rules 
issued by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh lays down 
the following accuracy standards. 
Measurements of diagonals and field and 
subdivision boundaries - 
In lines of 5 chains (100 m) and under, a difference 
exceeding 3 links (0.6 m) is an error. 
In lines of over 5 chains (100 m), a difference of 
more than one link (0.2 m) per chain is an error upto 
a limit of 10 links (2 m), but any difference of over 
10 links (2 m) is an error. 
Measurements on diagonal lines, where the 
cross staff has been used, or offset measurements. 
In lines of 5 chains (100 m) and under, a 
difference exceeding 4 links (0.8 m) is an error. 
In lines over 5 chains (100 m), a difference 
of more than one link (0.2 m) per chain (20 m) is 
an error upto a limit of 10 links (2 m), but any 
difference over 10 links (2 m) is an error. 
The feasibility of achieving the above ac- 
curacy standards has been practically established 
through a pilot project recently carried out by the 
Pilot Map Production Plant, in a village in Ran- 
gareddi District, Hyderabad. An excerpt of the 
results achieved is shown in Appendix I. Despite 
the fact that the 1:10,000 scale photography used 
is more than 8 years old and certain changes have 
taken place on the ground during the intervening 
period and some of the bunds are non-existent, the 
results achieved are quite convincing, leading to 
the firm conclusion that by impressing upon the 
ryots to raise ridges, wherever not existing, on their 
boundaries, followed by fresh aerial photography 
could lead to achieve better results.