These accuracy standards can be con- 
veniently achieved by employing numerical 
methods of stereophotogrammetry. Even 
precision analog instruments, coupled with auto- 
matic data recording device can be used. How- 
ever, work-stations with PC- based digital systems, 
which are capable of processing numerical data, 
extracted from sterco models, will be a better 
configuration as this could dispense with manual 
drills of absolute orientation, thereby eliminating 
residual errors on account of sources like projec- 
tion and plotting of control points, scaling error 
due to bias or personal judgement. The 
photogrammetric data could be captured either 
from a relatively-oriented model or from an 
analytically-absolutely oriented model. In the 
former case, the model co-ordinates could be 
transformed to terrain terms using sophisticated 
software, and inthe latter case, after achieving 
numerical absolute orientation, the model points 
also could be got transformed to terrain terms 
using the transformation parameters. From these 
ground co- ordinates of all corners and turning 
points ol the holdings, a blue-print for the village 
map could be prepared through computer design 
files, which could conveniently be used for ground 
verification, in case the photographic products are 
not preferred. From the ground verified informa- 
tion, the extraneous bunds, not forming boundary 
limits of any holdings, could be eliminated and the 
data in the computer could be edited and updated. 
Using the above and various attributes collected, 
the individual plot map could be plotted giving all 
desired dimensions, area of the plot and land-use 
data, a specimen copy of which has been given as 
Appendix II. By consolidating all these plot maps 
pertaining to one village, a village map and com- 
bining the constituent villages, a mandal map, on 
a convenient smaller scale, can be produced as 
computer outputs. The advantages of this modern 
technique will be that the data could be stored in 
digital form on floppies, facilitating easy peri- 
odical updating by the Cadastral Survey Organiza- 
tion, after acquiring necessary technical 
know-how through interaction with the survey 
department. This technique can supply the end- 
products in the form of soft and hard copies of 
computer output. Other advantages are storage- 
convenience, easy retrieval, editing facilities, and 
scope for supplementing it with multi-cadastre 
data for other user-organizations, as and when 
required. 
318 
GOA CADASTRAL SURVEYS 
This project was undertaken during 1971 
covering an area of 8,000 hectares consisting of 16 
villages. The aerial photography was taken in 
January, 1970 with RC 5a camera, 11.5 cm focal 
length on 1:6,700 scale approximately. Enlarge- 
ments on the scale of 1:3,000 were also used. 
Before the aerial photography, demarcation and 
pre-marking was carried out. In view of the prac- 
tical problems involved in pre-marking every 
property holding, it was decided to do the pre- 
marking only for survey number boundaries i.e., a 
group of holdings. Most of these boundaries fol- 
lowed field bunds making identification easy. The 
pattern of pre-marking consisting the trenches in 
the shape of a cross, the legs being 50 cms x 15 cms 
with a gap of 75 cms square in the middle. Sub- 
sequently, model control was provided using 
electronic distance measuring (EDM ) instru- 
ments for planimetric points and spirit-levelling 
for heights. Pre- marked points, clearly identifi- 
able on the photography, were included as control 
points. Photogrammetric processing was carried 
out on the basis of photographs verified on the 
ground for fixing of individual land holdings. Plot- 
ting was done on wild A7 and A8 stereo plotters. 
Co-ordinates were read for all the pre-marked 
points, besides some other sharp points. This 
material was used for field completion. Plotting 
was carried out village-wise on 1:1,000 scale. Vil- 
lage maps on 1:5,000 scale were also produced. 
Record of Rights (ROR) was also generated. Out 
of 8,000 hectares of the area attempted 4,000 hec- 
tares consisted of built-up and covered areas in- 
volving extensive ground work. The cost per 
hectare by photogrammetric method worked out 
to Rs.64/- as against Rs.72/- by conventional 
method. Though this project was a technological 
success, the introduction of modern methods suf- 
fered set back due to other factors. 
ANGUL-NALCO CADASTRAL SURVEY 
PROJECT IN THE STATE OF ORISSA 
This is a collaborative project between Sur- 
vey of India and Department of Land Records and 
Surveys, Govt. of Orissa, funded by Ministry of 
Rural Development, Government of India. The 
objective is to survey 400 villages. Aerial 
photographs on 1:10,000 scale have been used. 
Ground control has been provided using EDM 
  
instrum 
results 
compa 
ments 
approa 
stereo 
and otl 
admini 
speed 
to cost 
GPS F 
provid 
signals 
techno 
also. | 
replace 
using | 
Were m 
ferenti 
observ 
the tr: 
CGITOFPb-V 
well in! 
buildir 
and sp 
ards. | 
nology 
and 11 
very 
using t 
CONC 
ning aj 
lated t 
where 
ture ar 
tively. 
dimen: 
on gen 
digital 
ves hu; 
and ti 
Got. |