OTHER SHRUB (mainly 0.5-5 m; thicket/shrubland + herbs)
16 Mainly Everzreem Scrub-open Shrub */- Low/sparse Trees VARIED SEASON
16 16 SHRUBEVERGReeN sparse shrub */- low tree Juniperus, Artemisia, Arctostaphylos, Ilex
16 46 MEDITRRANSCruBwd scrub */-wood/grassland WET WINTER Quercus, Cercocarpus, Adenostema,Ceanothus;Baccharis
16 47 SHRUBWOOdDRY shrub */- low/open woodland Juniperus, Pinus edulus/monosperma/flexilis
16 64 HEATHSCRUB dwarf-tall scrub; acid soil Empetrum, Vaccinum, Calluna; Kalmia, Rhododendron
16 88 BAMBOO woody tall grass shrub/woods Bambusa (Asia), Oxylenanthera (Africa)
17 Mostly Deciduous/Succulent Scrub +/- Trees
17 17 SHRuBDECDUOUS sparse-dense shrub Diplacus, Salvia, Encelia, Quercus, Lepechinia, Rhus
17 59 SUCculentTHORNSCRB succulent/thorn shrub/tree DRY Opuntia, Yucca, Agave, Acacia; Cavanillesia, Zizyphus
MIXTURES of LAND cover AND/OR WATER--ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR GLOBAL CHANGE
18 MIXED FOREST VARIED SEASON & CLIMATE
Conifer & Temperate Broadleaf (mostly deciduous)
18 18 MIXEDFoReST(FieLD) tall/medium forest +/-fields Tilia, Acer, Quercus...; Pinus(Tsuga)
18 23 COOLMIXEDFoReST medium/tall forest Acer, Betula +/- Fagus, Pinus, Picea, Abies, Tsuga
18 24 MIXEDFOREST tall/medium forest; conifer+broadleaf Quercus, Carya, Liquidambar; Pinus, Juniperus
18 60 SMAllLeaFMIXWOOD low-medium ^taiga-edge/groves Betula, Populus, Salix, Alnus +/- meadows
Broadleaf Evergreen & Conifer MARITIME
18 54 COOLSOHEMIsphMIXFr tall-low forest mountain zones Nothofagus, Drimes winteri, Pilgerodendron, Podocarpus
18 78 SOHEMISphrMIXFoRst medium-tall rainforest +/- conifer Nothofagus, Fitzroya, Persea, Crinodendron
19 INTERRUPTED FORESTS, crops, grass, shrub
Forest/field Mosaics, with crops &/or pastures HOT-COOL
19 19 EVeRGreeNFoReSTFLD crop/herb->shrub->forest Pinus, Pseudotsuga; Sabal palmetto
19 56 FORESTFIELD forest + crop/shrub/grass Quercus, Platanus, Liquidambar
19 57 COOLFOReSTFieLD forest + herb/shrub patches Quercus, Betula, Acer, Amelanchier
Upper Taiza (Subpolar)/Subalpine Transitions COLD
19 62 NARROWCONIFeRmix dense-sparse wood/shrub/herb Abies, Picea, Pinus; Juniperus
20 WATER/LAND MIXTURES TMARITIME
Wet &/or Drv Coast mostly in 1 quadrant of a map cell
20 65-68 CoaSTWETLaND mixed wet (marsh)/dry coast Spartina, Elymus, Ammophila, Uniola
Main Dry Coastal Complexes +/- wetlands, hinterland
20 73 WATeRISLeFRiNGE submergible, ^successional Ipomea, Cocos nucifera, Juniperus, Acrocaria *81-86
20 80 COASTHINTerLaND beach/dune/rock/slope Cakile, Lathyrus, Oenothera; Salix
20 81 BEACHFOReDUNE low ^linear and ridges; pioneer Uniola, Elymus (Leymus), Ammophila, Andropogon; Prunus
20 82 SPaRSDUNEBuiLDR varied dunebuilding plants, ridges Calamovilfa, Panicum; Populus, Tilia
20 83 BARECOASTDUNe moving/reversible ridges; sparse Cakile, Corispermum, Lathyrus, Croton
20 84 RESIdualDUNEBCH residual sand ridges (crop?) Mixtures of 80-83 with 30-32, 1, 7, 40-44, 64
20 85 COMPOUNDCoaST [mix of Types 13, 40-45, 64, 71-76, 80-84, 86]
20 86 ROCKCLIFFSLoPe shore/montane/sparse-dense cover Arctostaphylos, Vaccinium, Juniperus *lichens, herbs
a (c) 1995 by Jerry Olson for Global Patterns Company; re-use authorized for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and
International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP)
b BATS (Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme] GROUPS 1-18 after Tables 1 and 2 of Dickinson et al. (1986, 1993);
Group 19, 20 mixtures of Olson. In Olson 1992 and earlier, coastal types 65, 66, 67, and 68 were separated
by whether the main quadrant with land was northwest, northeast, southeast or southwest, respectively, regardless
of which coastal Types (in 72-73 or 80-87) prevailed. For details on BATS Group and Basic Type lists see:
Dickinson, R.E., A. Henderson-Sellers, and P.J. Kennedy, 1993. Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version
le for the NCAR Community Climate Model, NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-387+STR, National Center for Atmospheric
Research, Boulder, Colorado
Olson, J.S. 1992. Olson World Ecosystems. pp. A05 1-35 in: J.J. Kineman and M.A. Ohrenschall (eds.), Global
Ecosystems Database Version 1.0 (on CD-ROM) Disc-A. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80303 [and cited references].
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