156 
as a gross error (10 mm). Due to the erroneous observation it received such a weight that it showed the characteristics of a leverage 
point (ref. chapter 4.). This effect is eliminated by balancing. 
The newly developed methods mentioned in this paper have been implemented in the program NAWE of the RolleiMetric 
software. NAWE computes initial values of object co-ordinates and parameters of exterior orientation for the bundle adjustment. 
The modified NAWE was then compared with the original in calculation of large image bundles in order to document the increased 
efficiency in image orientation by the results of this paper. 
The determination of approximate values was three times faster with the new NAWE than it was with the old version for all image 
bundles. Furthermore, about 10% more object points were determined in all examples. A main reason is the reliable error detection 
with the robust estimation procedure. In the determination of approximate values based on the L;-norm-estimation, observations 
are deleted which do not show any error. 
6. PERSPECTIVES 
The results of this paper show the advantages of the introduction of balanced adjustment which make the introduction of this 
concept also relevant in other fields of photogrammetry and digital image processing. An example is the bundle adjustment. By 
using balanced adjustment, efficiency and reliability of the results will be significantly increased . The combined use of different 
Ly-norm-estimation procedures can furthermore be taken into consideration (ref. Kampmann 1988). The balanced L;-norm-method 
is used for the error detection. After having eliminated all blunders, a parameter estimation following the L,-norm or the minimax 
method corresponding to the aim are appropriate methods depending on the problem to be solved. After having successfully 
implemented the new evaluation technique into the program NAWE, the above mentioned problem of the bundle adjustment is the 
subject of a joint project of Rollei Fototechnic and the Ingenieurgesellschaft Dr. Kampmann. 
There are new perspectives in the multi-image triangulation. Calculations have become faster and more reliable which reduces 
costs. The availability of reliable orientation programs is necessary in many applications in close range photogrammetry. One 
example e. g. is the industrial photogrammetry. For the method of multi-image triangulation there are applications in car 
manufacturing, aerospace and shipbuilding industry. In many cases a further usage is restricted by the long time necessary for the 
orientation calculation. With the results presented in this paper, the possibility is given to introduce photogrammetry as a standard 
technique in industry and to increase the number of applications. 
7. LITERATURE 
Fellbaum M. 1994: Robuste Bildorientierung in der Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie. Geodátische Schriftenreihe der 
Technischen Universitát Braunschweig, Nr. 13 
Grafarend E., Heister H., Kelm R., Kropff H., Schaffrin B. 1979: Optimierung geodätischer MeBoperationen. Verlag Herbert 
Wichmann, Karlsruhe 
Kampmann G. 1988: Zur Kombinativen Norm-Schétzung mit Hilfe der L;-, der L,- und der Boskovic-Laplace-Methode 
mit den Mitteln der linearen Programmierung. Veröffentlichung des Geodätischen Institutes der Rheinisch- 
Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Nr 43 
Kampmann G., Wolf H. 1989: L1-Norm-Schátzung mit korrelierten Beobachtungen. Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen, 
No. 10, pp. 493-497 
Müller H. 1986: Zur Berücksichtigung der Zuverlàssigkeit bei der Gewichtsoptimierung geodátischer Netze. Zeitschrift für 
Vermessungswesen, No. 4, pp. 157-169 
Rousseeuw S.J., Leroy M. A. 1987: Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. John Wiley and Sons, New York 
Wester-Ebbinghaus W. 1985: Bündeltriangulation mit gemeinsamer Ausgleichung photogrammetrischer und geodátischer 
Beobachtungen. Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen, No. 3 , pp 101-111 
IAPRS, Vol. 30, Part 5W1, ISPRS Intercommission Workshop “Crom Pixals to Sequences”, Zurich, March 22-24 1995