Full text: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

  
  
  
USING 3D GIS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENT 
Zaide DURAN & Gönül TOZ 
Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, 
Division Of Photogrammetry, 80626 Maslak / Istanbul TURKEY 
E-mail: duranza@itu.edu.tr 
Key words: photogrammetry, cultural heritage, documentation, GIS, 3D city model 
ABSTRACT 
Located on two continent (Europe and Asia) Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey with a population of over 10 million. It is a 
combination of a very rich historical background and a modern appearance. It was enriched with mosques, palaces, foundations, 
schools, baths, bridges and viaducts etc. All of these historical events have taken place in the part, which is called *Old City of 
Istanbul". The Fatih (Zeyrek) is one of the most important historical districts in this city. This paper focuses on a Geographic 
Information System (GIS) approach was employed in the study area. 
INTRODUCTION 
Architecture is a substantial part of cultural heritage. While 
some elements of cultural heritage could be protected by putting 
them behind a glass in a museum, whereas architectural 
monuments are widely used and endangered by long term 
influences like traffic or air pollution or destructive events 
causing heavy damage like earthquakes, fire, war etc. But by all 
means when monuments are seriously damaged, or completely 
destroyed, the amount and quality of any surviving 
documentation becomes highly important. 
Documentation and conservation of historical monuments are 
being consideration as tasks of national priority. 
Photogrammetry now appears as more efficient and inexpensive 
method for this kind of preservation due to the digital 
techniques. Today’s user-oriented software is easier to handle 
by non-experts, thus widening potential spectrum of application 
in architectural and archaeological recording. 
Therefore it is necessary to document the actual state of the 
architectural monuments in a manner, which opens the 
opportunity to detect continuous damage by change detection 
techniques and to restore the monument in case of heavy 
damage. Before starting to acquire new data on the monument 
already existing data sources have to be obtained, e.g. existing 
plans of previous restorations, ancient pictures or 
documentation's of architectural research projects. 
Today we have the possibility, besides obtaining of data in 
different forms, to process and store them without taking much 
care about their mass, but their reliability. So the possibility of 
implementing of an information system in maintenance of 
cultural heritage opens the opportunity to control the 
preservation, interventions and to rationalize the way of 
managing the architectonic wealth. Also the above stated data 
must be completed with data obtained during the structural 
analysis and sources of data, which are relevant for protection 
and restriction of the architectural monuments. In order to 
simplify the management and to access to the information, a 
methodology must be established. The system has to be 
responsible for capturing and storing the data in digital form and 
providing appropriate software for navigating through the data 
and investigating different relations between them for different 
research groups. 
Today, many of historic urban areas are endangered. Some of 
them are being damaged or even destroyed by creeping urban 
development and new technologies. Therefore, safe guarding 
the heritage depends on how we list and document it. 
Information system are seen by an increasing number of 
architect as being the information technology to be adopted for 
location analysis, spatial data management and spatial 
modeling. 
The proper management of the cultural heritage requires a very 
deep and thorough understanding of its value, history, condition 
and historical characteristics. The access to all of the 
information related to any building/site is the key to its 
protection and presentation. Considering this enormous amount 
of information required and produced for each building/site, the 
existence of a “heritage information system” is essential. 
The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a relatively new 
technology that joins the computer science advantages with the 
modern systems of capture of data, so that it allows the 
integration and the treatment of all type of information of a 
computer team, in a simple way on the part of any user that 
requires to work with this information. À GIS include software 
and hardware tools, and a group of procedures elaborated to 
facilitate capture, edition, administration, manipulation, 
analysis, modeling, representation and exit of spatial referenced 
and semantic data, to solve any type of planning, administration, 
storage, and so on information concerning problem. 
Digital photogrammetry and the GIS provide a group of 
advantages and benefits in the architectural tasks impossible to 
obtain with such an efficiency, velocity and economy by means 
of other procedures. 
Photogrammetry is a technique whereby information about the 
position, size and shape can be attained. Photogrammetric 
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