The V are the normalized V-residuals according to the formula: 
q 
TS (16) 
x and s are computed with formulas (12) and the approximation values of 
the unknowns which are denoted by 9 It 1s obvious that in any one specific 
set of observational equations may appear either certain coordinate corrections 
Ax or the corresponding residual errors V depending on the character of 
the object point under consideration. With the introduction of the V-residuals, 
according to formula (16), each ray has been assigned a specific group of such 
residuals. Such an approach is desirable from the numerical standpoint, be- 
cause any correlation is avoided between the coefficients of the matrix 
associated with the residuals of the various rays, intersecting at a specific 
point. From the theoretical standpoint such a solution seems to be advantageous 
because the individual bundles of rays will conform to the pattern of the con- 
trol data without undue restraint. In paragraph (D) of this chapter the possi- 
bility will be discussed of arranging the least squares adjustment in such a 
way that for each given control coordinate only one specific residual V is 
obtained, independent of the number of rays intersecting at the point under 
consideration. 
The relation between the approximation values and the final values of the 
unknowns is given by: 
OQ +A% C me LAG 
w = mn) + A Ww X = x? + AX 
d p p 
O O 
K =K +AK = + A 
Yo“ 7p Yo 
O O +17) 
XzX tX x = X + A&X. 
o © o j 4 J 
O 2 vO 
Yo" Yg * ^ Y, Y Y: TAX 
Oo o 
= = + A 
Zo 2, + A 2, 2, Zs Z,