nd
on
3S
es
nd
ell
an
se
ial
ri-
er
In-
ya
rk
in-
les
ily
ke
er,
ent
W
de,
ior
vill
1al
di-
of
for
Ismael Colomina
orthophoto generation—. The relative success of automatic terrain model generation launched the idea of AAT. Unfor-
tunately, INS/DGPS skills and knowledge have been in short supply within the photogrammetric community and both
technologies, INS/DGPS and AAT, have gone parallel, separate ways. Beyond the brute force approach of integrating the
two technologies as they exist today. a global, total procedure, has been proposed which combines the strengths of both.
The T.O.P. concept leans heavily towards taking full advantage of modern geodetic INS/DGPS trajectory determination
and relegates AAT to calibration and selfcalibration tasks (lightweight AAT). (Though the spirit of this paper was not to
participate in the "direct vs. indirect" holy war, the author has to admit that, while not being a fanatic, has his own, strong
convictions.)
REFERENCES
Colombo, O., Herández-Pajares, M., Miguel Juan, J., Sanz, J. and Talaya, J., 1999. Resolving carrier-phase ambiguities
on-the fly, at more than 100 km from nearest site, with the help of ionospheric tomography. In: Proceedings of the ION
GPS 99, Nashville, TN, pp. 1635-1642.
Colomina, I., 1999. GPS, INS and Aerial Triangulation: what is the best way for the operational determination of pho-
togrammetric image orientation? In: International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, ISPRS Conference
Automatic Extraction of GIS Objects from Digital Imagery, Vol. 32, München, pp. 121-130.
Cramer, M., 1999. Direct geocoding - is Aerial Triangulation obsolete? In: Proceedings of the Photogrammetric Week’99,
Stuttgart, pp. 59-70.
Joosten, P., Teunissen, P. J. and Jonkman, N., 1999. GNSS three carrier phase ambiguity resolution using the lambda
method. In: Proceedings of the GNSS’99, Genova, pp. 367-372.
Mc Donald, K., 1999. GPS improvements in the next decade: the impact of GPS modernization plans on GPS future
performance. Newsletter (The Institute of Navigation) 9(1), pp. 5-9.
Navarro, J., 1999. Object-oriented technologies and beyond for software generation and integration in Geomatics. PhD
thesis, The University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca.
Navarro, J., 2000. The visual factory suite: facing evolving mass production in spatial data processing environments. In:
Proceedings of the XIX ISPRS Congress, Amsterdam.
Ovstedal, O., 1999. Absolute positioning with GPS - an accurate alternative. In: Proceedings of the ION GPS 99,
Nashville, TN, pp. 2055-2059.
Savage, P., 1998a. Strapdown inertial navigation integration algorithm design - part 1: attitude algorithms. Journal of
Guidance, Control and Dynamics 21(1), pp. 19-28.
Savage, P., 1998b. Strapdown inertial navigation integration algorithm design - part 2: velocity and position algorithms.
Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics 21(2), pp. 208-221.
Scherzinger, B., 1997. A position and orientation post-processing software package for inertial/GPS integration
(POSPROC). In: Proceedings of the KISS'97 Symposium, Calgary, pp. 197—204.
Skaloud, J., 19993. Optimizing georeferencing of airborne survey systems by INS/DGPS. PhD thesis, The University of
Calgary, Calgary.
Skaloud, J., 1999b. Problems in direct-georeferencing by INS/DGPS in the airborne environment. In: Proceedings of the
ISPRS Workshop Direct versus Indirect methods of sensor orientation, Barcelona, pp. 7-15.
Witchayangkoon, B. and Segantine, P., 1999. Testing JPL's PPP service. GPS Solutions 3(1), pp. 73-76.
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXIII, Part B3. Amsterdam 2000. 197
