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Based on an analysis of the histogram of the orientations of edges, areas whose edges are not considered to be those of houses 
can be eliminated. The extracted house areas are again illustrated in Figure 14. Figure 15 shows the area of dark roof 
extracted by step 2 in Figure 3, while Figure 16 shows the final determination of the houses. Figure 17 is the image in which 
the final extracted house areas are overlaid on the original image. This figure shows that the houses are well delineated. 
Using the compound information from the analysis of image matching and 2D image segmentation, some digital elevation 
points which were initially located on the tops of houses and trees have been interpolated onto the ground. Figures 18 and 
20 illustrate the DEM and 3D perspective view derived directly from normal stereo image matching. A more accurate DEM 
and 3D perspective view produced by the method in this paper are shown in Figures 19 and 21. 
      
Figure 18 DEM from matching Figure 19 DEM from the Figure 20 3D perspective view Figure 21 3D perspective view 
combined method from matching derived by the combined method 
6 CONCLUSION 
The method described in this paper combines image matching and image analysis methods, which enables the location of most 
of the house and tree areas in the test images. The image segmentation and classification methods overcome the weakness of 
co-occurrence matrices that is it does not consider the shapes of gray level primitives. These extracted house and tree areas 
are important information for 3D terrain reconstruction and ensure that points are only measured on the natural terrain. The 
method leads to more accurate determination of elevations from overlapping digital aerial images than the DSM determined 
only by image matching, since it avoids errors caused by man-made or natural surface features. The method can also locate 
dark roofs. The disadvantage is its inability to exactly locate the boundary of dark roofs in cases when the roof of a house is 
not of regular shape. Since the classification result of co-occurrence matrices are dependent on chosen training sample and 
the size of the processed image block, further research is needed to find a more reliable method for image classification. The 
method will also be tested on other scales and different images. 
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