Buchroithner, Manfred 
Physical Properties 
These properties are determinated by elements like size, position, colour, contrast e.g. 
Gestalt Properties 
Similarity, proximity, convergence, e.g. are the more overlapping elements characterising a display. 
Cognitive Properties 
These properties mean e.g. the visual attraction, figure-ground relation. In general, the intellectual associations 
coming from a display and influences the viewer as far as it meets the viewer's expectation. 
(Castner & Eastman 1984) 
These intellectual attributes of a form of representation are frequently overseen, because instead in cartography 
the processing of physical and Gestalt properties belong to the most significant tasks. 
But when it comes to the task-specific viewing as in the scope of the above mentioned outdoor activities the 
cognitive properties in particular become a strongly influencing component. 
The visualisation of the third dimension in a “real” 3D representation causes in a first instance a high visual 
attraction. In the continuing visual and cognitive process the noiseless communication process is driven by the 
applied combination of the psychological cues, the technical parameters of a display and of the designing 
elements. 
8 CONCLUSION 
The discussion of the single aspects in the background of that the results not completed yet, has indicated that the 
for cartography adapted 3D technologies largely unnoticed. 
This is especially true for the 3D hardcopies. The reasons for that may to be couched in the absence of the 
theoretical foundation. In the connection of 3D representation the cartographic theory of signs cannot meet all 
the raising requirements at present. 
Therefore the connected consideration of the above mentioned parameters should be the basis for a purpose- 
oriented establishment of 3D visualisations. 
REFERENCES 
Albertz, Jörg 1997: Die dritte Dimension - Elemente der räumlichen Wahrnehmung. In: Albertz, J. (ed.): 
Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit - Wie wir unsere Umwelt erkennen und gestalten. Schriftenreihe der Freien 
Akademie Berlin, Vol. 17. Berlin. 
Andersen, George J. 1996: Detection of Smooth Three-Dimensional Surfaces from Optic Flow. In: Journal of 
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Vol. 22, No. 4. pp. 945-957. Michigan. 
Bertin, Jaques 1974: Graphische Semiologie. Berlin / New York 
Böhm, Rolf 1998: Kartographische Reliefdarstellung mittels digitaler Bildfilterverfahren. In: Kartographische 
Bausteine, Vol. 15. Dresden 
Buchroithner, Manfred 1999: Möglichkeiten "echter" 3D-Visualisierungen von Geo-Daten. In: Proceedings 
Agit-Symposium Salzburg 1999, pp. 86-93. Salzburg. 
Buchroithner, Manfred & Sabine Kirschenbauer 1998: Derivation of relief information from various 
cartographic representation. In: Hochgebirgskartographie — Silvretta 98 — High Mountain Cartography. Wiener 
Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie. Bd. 11. pp. 65-75. Vienna. 
Buchroithner, Manfred & Robert Schenkel 1999: 3D Mapping with Holography. In: GIM International. Vol. 13, 
No. 8. pp. 35-39. HK. Lemmer. 
Buziek, Gerd 1995:  Kartographische Visualisierung von Geo-Daten unter Berücksichtigung moderner 
technischer Entwicklungen. In: Buziek, Gerd (Ed.). GIS in Forschung und Praxis. Stuttgart 
Castner, Henry W. & J. Ronald Eastman 1984: Eye-movement Parameters and Perceived Map Complexity. In: 
The American Cartographer. Vol. 11, No. 2. pp. 107-119. Virginia. 
Dransch, Doris 1995: Temporale und nontemporale Computer-Animation in der Kartographie. In: Berliner 
Geographische Abhandlungen, Vol. 15. Berlin 
  
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXIII, Part B5. Amsterdam 2000. 
105