Noroozi, Aliakbar 
  
CO = 6444405 
CI =2424040 
RI =C/CO*100 = 37% 
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
On the basis of the analysis carried out during this study indicate that indeed the consequences of the Gulf War are felt, 
and the following conclusions can be drawn: 
e Application of model based image analysis permitted a qualitative and quantitative estimate of the smoke 
concentration over the Gulf area, using an accumulated smoke density map for the land reflection model over 1991. 
With the use of model based image analysis, it was estimated that 37 percent of the total amount of air pollutants 
emitted over 1991 came to the Iranian territory. 
* During the peak period of the fires, the wells were emitting about 5,000 tons of smoke daily. Let's assume that we 
have about 225 smoky days in total during 1991. If we take in average about 4,000 tons of smoke daily (80% of 
5,000 tons), then we have: Given the accumulated output of the oil well fires of 4,000 tons/day * 225 days = 900000 
tones and not considering smoke drifting on the image boundaries. It is estimated that about 0.37 * 900000 = 
333000 tones of oil and oil related pollutants have been transported by air from the Kuwaiti oil well fires to the 
territories of Iran, where 0.37 is the integrated smoke density over Iran relative to the integrated smoke density over 
the whole image (see plate 6) for estimated smoke concentration map over the Gulf area during the 1991). 
The available field observations and remote sensing data confirm that smoke and soot from the burning oil wells in 
Kuwait reached large parts of the territory of Iran during 1991. The smoke drifting on the image boundaries was not 
considered in this study and for a qualitative and quantitative estimation of the smoke concentration over Iran, we need 
a extended image window like GAC NOAA AVHRR images. 
Evaluation: 
The residual error after best fitting the accumulated smoke concentration to the ground sample data is a quality criterion 
in the same sense as the confusion matrix as used in maximum likelihood methods. The maps, showing persistence of 
heavy and light smoke over the Persian Gulf region is also verifies the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results 
met by this study. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center (SCWMRC) of LR. of Iran was the focal point for 
all activities related to the application of Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the study 
of smoke plumes and oil spills resulting from Kuwait's oil well spills and fires of the 1991 Gulf War. 
It should be stated that this research could not have been carried out in the limited period of available time without the 
help of the scientific and technical efforts of members of the ITC staff involved in this study. 
We wish to thank the following who, by their thorough scientific and technical comments contributed greatly to the 
enriched of this study: 
— Prof. Dr. A. MJ. Meijerink, Water Resources Development specialist 
— Prof. Dr. J.L. van Genderen, Remote Sensing Application Specialist 
— lr. P. Geerders, Environment/Coastal zones management specialist 
—  W. Bakker, BTW, Image Processing Specialist 
Prof. Ir. N.J. Mulder, Twente University, Enschede was behind the production of a very successful method for smoke 
density estimation, and I very much appreciate all his efforts and very valuable comments and guidance. 
Prof. Dr. S. Khorram, North Carolina State University, USA and head of the Earth Observation Centre contributed 
generously and I would like to thank him. 
We sincerely thank Mrs. Julie Haggerty from NCAR Kuwait Data Archive, Boulder, Colorado, USA for providing the 
NOAA-AVHRR images which, in fact, are the main sources of the data used in this study. 
Finally we extend our gratitude to Mr. M.T. Amanpour, the Education and Research Deputy Minister of the Ministry of 
Jihad-e-Sazandegi for his encouragement and full support throughout this study. 
References: 
1) Jenik, G.J., 1991, "Observation in March 1991 of the oil smoke plume from Kuwait by meteorological office-130 
aircraft June, 12p". 
2) Price; A.R.G., “The Gulf: Human impacts and Management Initiatives. Marine pollution, vol. 27, 1993” 
3) Jalali, N. Noroozi, A.A. & A.Abkar, 1998, “Tracking of Oil spills and Smoke Plume of Kuwait’s Oil well fires to the 
Coast and Territory of L.R. of Iran as a Result of the 1991 Persian Gulf War” 
ISBN 90 6164 148 9, ITC Publication Number 59, Enschede, The Netherlands. 
  
1026 International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXIII, Part B7. Amsterdam 2000. 
  
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