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landform and wetland environment over the period of 30 years 
(i.e. 1966-1996). The population pressure causing drastic land- 
use changes over the time in Mumbai-Navi Mumbai region. 
The rapid growth of built-up land and reduction of forest and 
agricultural land affects the natural drainage system of the city, 
causing flooding during monsoons (VeenaRao (1988), Sawant 
and Subramanyan (1998)). The coastal geomorphology and 
land-use /land-cover of Manori creek region were studied for 
three time periods using topographic sheets (1966), Landsat 
TM (1988) and IRS —1C satellite (1996) data. 
The study area lies in between the latitude 19°10’ to 19°20” and 
longitude 72°46” and 72°55” (Fig 1). It starts from Vasai Creek 
in the north to Malad creek in the south. The study area falls 
within the Deccan Volcanic province. Deccan Trap chiefly 
consists of tholeiitic basalts. These basalts are in generally 
compact, massive and/or vesicular with or without amygdules. 
The amygdules are filled up with secondary minerals, e.g 
zeolite, quartz, devitrified glass etc., The Mumbai Island is 
made up of two lava flows separated by a intertrappean bed 
representative of a period of quiescence when the lavas ceased 
to erupt. The flows comprise the following rocks: basalts, 
trachytes, pyroclastics, dolerites and rhyolites. Nearly one third 
of the island area is covered by recent alluviums. These 
alluviums are also almost covered by urban built-up areas. 
Manori is the major creek in the area associated with extensive 
mudflats, which comprises chiefly of mud. 
2. METHODOLOGY 
2.1 Data used 
The Survey of India topographic sheets (1966-68) on 1:50,000 
were used for preparation of base map, coastal geomorphology 
and land use / land cover information. The Landsat TM satellite 
data was used to interpret the geomorphology and land use and 
land cover details for the year 1988. The IRS-1C LISS III 
Satellite data was used for interpreting the recent development 
(1996) in land use and land cover and coastal geomorphology. 
GeoMedia 3.0 GIS software was used for digitizing and 
analysis of various thematic maps. 
2.2 Coastal Geomorphological Mapping 
Study of coastal landforms can provide a proper understanding 
of coastal processes, which can lead a better coastal zonal 
management. To begin with, different coastal landforms were 
picked out from Survey of India topographic sheets. The topo- 
interpretation has helps to identify various depositional and 
erosional coastal landforms in Manori creek region. Similarly, 
for the year 1988, Landsat TM FCC on hard copy was used for 
interpreting the various geomorphological features. IRS 1C 
LISS III (23m) satellite data was digitally processed through 
Image Analyst software. The processed outputs were used for 
demarcating various geomorphic features for the year 1996. 
2.3 Land use/ land cover Mapping 
The Land-use and land-cover maps of Manori creek region 
were prepared for different time periods based on topographic 
sheets (1966), Landsat TM data (1988) and the processed 
421 
output of IRS-1C satellite data (1996). Wetland, creek, 
vegetation saltpan, built-up land and beaches are the significant 
land use and land cover categories. 
3. RESULT & DISCUSSION 
3.1 Coastal Geomorphology 
Geomorphic processes occur in combination at the coast. The 
waves and currents of the sea play the dominant role but the 
land-based processes such as, fluvial, fluvio-marine and mass 
movement are also influence the coastal forms. The Manori 
creek, Mumbai coastal region is covered by typical coastal 
geomorphological landforms. Hard basaltic outcrops cover 
major part of the terrain. Considerable area, especially the 
urban built-up land, occupied over the coastal plain, comprises 
of recent alluvium. 
Initially with the help of topographic sheet, different 
geomorphic units were identified. However, demarcating the 
clear boundary conditions is somewhat difficult in topographic 
sheet. Hence, in the next stage, remote sensing technique was 
used to identify different coastal geomorphology, both 
erosional /denudational and depositional landforms (Fig 2). 
Through visual interpretation Landsat TM FCC data, almost all 
geographic units were clearly mapped. Contrast mapping was 
possible, especially with the coastal low land, mudflat (with or 
without mangroves) and shallow pediment. Among erosional 
and denudational landforms, barren-lands, residual hills are 
having brighter and pale appearances than coastal low lands 
and cuestas. Linear ridges are identified by their linear nature, 
whereas residual hills are present as circular patches in the 
image. Among depositional landforms, sandy beaches having a 
brighter appearance over a pale to darker rocky beaches present 
along the coast. Mudflats and saltpans are darker, and 
associated with creeks. Coastal plains are of lighter 
appearances. 
[72:45:30 72:54:46 
19:19:44 N 4 N 
E Legend 
Barren Land 
  
  
   
Coastal Lowland 
Coastal Plain 
Creek 
Linear Ridge 
Wet Land 
Mud Flat Vegetation 
Rocky Beach 
Rocky Platform 
Salt Pan 
Sandy Beach 
Shallow Pediment 
N 
72:54:43 E 
72:45:35 E -08:1 
9:08:03 N 19:08:01 N 
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 2. Coastal Geomorphology 
The digital image processing of satellite data has given 
enhanced information on coastal geomorphology. Especially, 
the Principal Component Analysis of IRS —1C data gives 
contrast picture on saltpan and coastal low lands. The various 
geomorphic units, like shallow pediments, under rocky 
platform area, combined give a light tonal contrast in principal