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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004 
way of defining application-specific tags for structuring and 
storing the information of a document. In recent years a 
number of "tag sets" have been standardized for various 
application domains. The SensorML is one example of those 
^tag sets". SVG and SMIL are two other examples mentioned 
below. 
DTD (Document Type Definition): This format is used to 
define the application-specific tags and their relations. While 
reading an XML document a browser compares its structure 
with the definitions in the associated DTD. Because the 
syntax of a DTD has some limitations today an alternative 
way of defining the structure of an XML document has 
become more popular. This is the XML schema. 
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics): SVG is an application of 
XML. SVG provides a great variety of graphic elements that 
enable the creation of high quality maps. Graphic data are 
transported in a vector format which leads to a properly 
resolved display on the screen on any scale. SVG enables 
every Internet browser to become a cartographic output 
device. 
SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language ): 
SMIL is also an application of XML. SMIL is capable of 
defining animated elements within a document. Sometimes 
the SMIL is called the “power point of the Internet”. 
[2 
2 
6. CONCLUSION 
This article has discussed the standardisation bodies that are 
relevant for geographic information. These are primarily the 
ISO/TC 211 “Geogaphic information / Geomatics”, the Open 
GISConsortium, and the World Wide Web Consortium. 
The standards published by the ISO are approved by many 
nations and therefore enjoy wide international acceptancc. 
The ISO as a maintenance organization guarantees a long- 
term stability of the standards. The terminology is consistent 
throughout the whole world of ISO. The ISO 19100 standards 
are a stable baseline for large projects such as the Geography 
Markup Language (GML) written in XML or the German 
AAA project (AFIS, ALKIS, ATKIS). 
The OGC focusses on the implementation of GI standards. 
The standards are approved by the participating industries. 
Many of their activities are project-driven. The W3C 
provides the baseline for all Internet applications. 
References: 
Botts, M., 2002. Sensor Model Language (SensorML) for In- 
situ and Remote Sensors. OGC-document 02-026r4 
Di, L., Kresse, W., 2004. The current status and future plan 
of the ISO 19130 project. In: Proceedings of the XXth ISPRS- 
congress, Istanbul, 2004 
ISOI, 2002. ISO 19101 “Geographic information - Reference 
model". ISO Central Secretariat, Geneva 
ISO2, 2003. ISO 19115 “Geographic information. - 
Metadata". ISO Central Secretariat, Geneva 
Kresse, W., Fadaie, K., 2004. /SO Standards for Geographic 
Information. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo