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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004
The printed maps are mainly used for the creation of a vector
GIS by digitizing the features. The printed maps contain both
graphic and non-graphic data and, existing graphic and attribute
data can be extracted from them. Printed maps can be in
analogue or scanned (digital) form. The manual digitization
method is applied on the printed analogue maps placed on a
digitizing table. The heads-up digitization method is used in
scanned digital maps loaded on the computer. An example of
printed maps is shown in Figure-3.
Figure 3. An example of printed maps
2.5 Map Printing Plates
The map printing plates are the data resources which are
obtained by the way of separating the features to four different
colours (black, green, blue and red/brown) in the map sheet
original plates, which are exposed to some stable transparent
plates such as astrolon, polyester, cronoflex and triasetat, which
are more reliable and useable than the printed maps and other
printed materials because of the stability and, which are not
generally up-to-date. Many errors mentioned about the printed
maps exist in the printing plates too. In the data collection
activities for GIS purposes, the map printing plates should be
used together with the existing printed maps. The graphic data
should be extracted from the printing plates, the attribute
information should be produced from the printed maps or by
topographic map completion in the field (Ozbalmumcu, 1999).
The map printing plates are the original sheet layouts and only
contain graphic vector features in 4 different colour layers.
They don’t have any attribute information. They are only used
for the creation of a vector GIS by digitizing the features. Map
printing plates are generally in analogue sometimes digital
form. The main principles of vector data collection from the
map printing plates are the same as the printed maps.
2.6 Up-to-Date Revision Information Plates
By using analogue stereo photogrammetric map compilation
instruments, the map production at different scales can be
performed with the use of up-to-date aerial photographs. The
result data obtained from these instruments are plotted onto
stable (unchangeable) transparent plates such as astrolon,
cronoflex, polyester, triasetat etc. Compared to the printed.
maps, map printing plates and other printed materials, up-to-
date revision information plates are really important data
resources which can be used in the data collection for GIS
purposes by the cartographic digitization method because they
contain original, up-to-date, true, accurate and reliable data,
they are processed onto unchangeable plates, they don't have
Cn
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any cartographic drafting, editing, and printing errors. But,
instead of using these materials by themselves in the data
collection for GIS purposes, it is more advisable to use them
together with the existing map sheet plates. The attribute
information collected by the topographic methods and existed in
the printed maps can also be included directly to a GIS. In the
data collection process performed by using all printed materials
(like printed maps, map printing plates and up-to-date revision
information plates). 2-dimensional (2D) digital data obtained
from the printed maps, plans and graphs should be finally
transformed to 3-dimensional (3D) digital data by combining
with the existing DEM data (Ozbalmumcu, 1999).
Up-to-date revision information plates are similar to the map
printing plates in view of the content, use and technical
properties. They only contain graphic data, not non-graphic
data. They are only used for the establishment of a vector GIS.
2.7 Orthophoto Maps
An orthophoto is a photographic image which has a specific,
stable scale like a map and is obtained by eliminating the image
displacements occurred due to photo tilts and azimuths and the
effect of the height differences on the ground surface. If new
cartographic information such as map sheet border information,
grids, contour lines, geographic place names and other
cartographic data are added to an orthophoto, this new product
is called as an orthophoto map or photo-map. An orthophoto is
basically a map in the photographic form. An orthophoto mosaic
or photo mosaic is a new orthophoto image which is produced
by combining of many orthophoto images. An example of
orthophoto maps is shown in Figure-4 (Krauss, 1993).
Figure 4. An example of orthophoto maps
produced from aerial photographs
The most important advantages of orthophoto maps are
mentioned below: Vector data can be digitized in digital format
on the orthophoto maps. The orthophoto maps can be used as a
basic information resource or a base layout in each type of data
bases. The most important disadvantages of orthophoto maps
are explained below: Each topographic detail/feature can not be
seen easily on the orthophoto maps. Understanding and
interpretability of an orthophoto map is closely connected to the
photographic interpretation capabilities of the map users. Some
topographic features such as narrow roads, fountains, ditches in
