International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004
2. PROBLEMS OF TRADITIONAL MUNICIPALITIES Table 1. ZPO and MCO Activities
Department Activity
Preparing zoning plan form
Making zoning plan
Evaluating zoning plan modification
In Turkey, the traditional governments have many problems
that stem from both insufficient and improper use of ICT.
"Insufficient use" refers to the traditional means such as manual
archiving systems. "Improper use", on the other hand, refers to
Zoning Plan
I the lack of an interoperability infrastructure within and among Office suggestions
the government agencies. In this work, a number of such (ZPO) Giving construction permit
; problems have been identified for the Municipality of Trabzon Making building control
in Turkey. Although they have been determined for a Giving building usage permit
municipality, they are also valid for such sectors as G2G, G2C, Making base maps
and G2B in the Country. World Bank (2002) has also identified M Determining district boundary
similar problems for many developing and even developed SMOD apd, Determining street and alley
| countries around the World. To identify these problems, some CS re Creating buildings table
of the activities of the Zoning Plan Office, and Map and
| Cadastre Office of the Municipality were closely investigated
(Figure 1, Figure 2). The selected activities were the ones that
Preparing expropriation maps
Implementing zoning plan applications
Due to the | valve sti dam and A er ei dije
ty and high Dole Spat data and are fot characteristic within the Auto-Control: The lack of auto-control mechanisms is the
operability context of e-municipality or e-government (Table 1). Identified direct result of improper use of ICT. One of the most striking
generation problems were classified under five different though side effects of this problem is high economical losses. There are
ns that are
using any
they have
pplications
b services,
rastructure
evenues in
y activities
°d some of
(b services
interrelated categories. These are the lack of auto-control
mechanisms, high economical losses, high cost of services,
poor service quality, and low efficiency. These problems are
briefed below.
Map and Cadastre Office (MCO)
Data Numerating | |Expropriation| | Zoning Plan Dimensional
Processing Service Service Application Drawing
Service (DPS (NS) (ES) Service (ZPAS)||Service (DDS)
many examples of economical losses due to the lack of auto-
control. One of them is experienced in real estate tax collection.
Different studies report %70-90 outages in real estate taxes. As
a remedy, the author of this paper have already proposed and
implemented a system called REIS (Real Estate Tax
Information System), which would be a very important
component of the e-municipality (Comert, Akinci, 2002).
Another side effect of auto-control is the risk of using outdated
data in applications and thus obtaining undesired results. The
current system does not have a legal mandate to update the
data. Actually, an interoperability infrastructure, which would
facilitate the updates, is not in place. Therefore, updating is
either neglected or addressed by auxiliary archiving
mechanisms. For instance, in case of revisions to a zoning plan,
Ej the plan has to be redrawn by the law. But since this is not
practical it is not applied in practice. Instead, revisions are just
noted on the related parcel of the plan by the date and number
of the related archive file. It is very difficult to trace such
modifications in manual archiving systems considering
especially very high pace of the large municipalities such as
Istanbul. Therefore the risk of running into conflicts between
the plan and the archive files will always be there yielding
eventually undesired results in such applications as "zoning
plan form preparation" where the currency of the data is
crucial.
ition of Web-
services are
tions that are
andards, Web
ons using any |
ige (Barefoot,
ssible through |
yws users to
imple request
ge-processing
Figure 1. Map and Cadastre Office and its subunits
| Zoning Plan Office (ZPO) |
002). 7P Drawıng | TModifcarion PRE rc Building Finally, a crucial aspect of auto-control is the corruption. It has
Service Service Control Permission Usage a high priority in World Bank (2002) as well. Auto-control will
> potentials of (DS) (MS) Service(BCS)| |Service(BPS)]| |Service(BUS) enable mechanisms to fight with corruption.
teroperability
lity. For this
: municipality
lems of the
veloped. and |
ve concluded
-municipality |
'ipality share
of this work
ment.
Efficiency: Due the traditional ways of doing things, the pace
of activities is rather slow. By traditional ways we mean
manual archives, manual procedures, visual analyses.
traditional ways of interoperability, and finally requesting data
from the citizens, which is already under responsibility of some
government agency or municipality department. There are
many examples to this issue. A characteristic example is the
preparation of zoning plan forms, which will be mentioned
below. Low efficiency may have a negative impact on the
economy since it may postpone transforming resources to the
| economy. Consider how the time 10 get a building permit will
Figure 2. Zoning Plan Office and its subunits
