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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B3. Istanbul 2004 
research has aimed to produce values based on more scientific 
  
LD Motées 
Fioure 10: Estimated Manning’s n map from focal 
e c 
processing of 1:10,000 photogrammetry DSM using 
a standard deviation function and a 25 x 25 window 
  
Figure 11: Estimated Manning's n map from focal 
processing of LIDAR DSM using a standard 
deviation function and a 25 x 25 window 
grounds. The use of different technologies and processing 
strategies has shown potential solutions to automating and 
increasing the density of the values. This research has shown a 
variation in the DSM produced from the different technologies 
and photograph scales. From visual assessment and from 
statistical analysis the DSM's give an indication of surface 
texture. Digital image processing techniques such as the use of 
Fourier Transform filters and Focal Analysis have shown 
potential in determining values of Manning's ‘n’. Further 
research is required to improve the values over larger flood 
plain areas and in the application of the values in the 
hydrodynamic modelling process. 
5.1 References 
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References from Journals 
Baltsavias, E. P. (1999). A comparison between 
photogrammetry and laser scanning, /SPRS Journal of 
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 54 (1999), pp. 83—94. 
References from Books 
Chanson, H., 2001. The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An 
Introduction, Basic Principles, Sediment Motion. Hydraulic 
Modelling. Design of Hydraulic Structures. Butterworth- 
Heinemann, Oxford. 
Chow, V. T., 1973. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, 
New York. 
Elfick, M., Fryer, J., Brinker, R.and Wolf, P., 1994. Elementary 
Surveying (Eighth Edition, S. I. Adaptation). Harper-Collins, 
London. 
French, R. H., 1994. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, 
New York. 
Henderson, F. M., 1966. Open Channel Flow. Macmillan 
Publishing Co., Inc., New York. 
Jain, C. S., 2001. Open-Channel Flow. John Wiley & Sons, 
Inc., New York. 
Kay, M., 1998. Practical Hydraulics. TJ International Ltd, 
Padstow, Cornwall, UK. 
Lillesand, T. M. and Kiefer, R. W., 2000._Remote Sensing and 
Image Interpretation, Fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 
New York. 
Mikhail, E. M., Bethel, J. S. and McGlone, C. J., 2001. 
Introduction To Modern Photogrammetry. John Wiley & Sons, 
Inc., New York. 
References from Other Literature: 
Asal, F. F. F., 2003. Airborne remote sensing for landscape 
modelling. PhD thesis, The University of Nottingham, UK, p. 
317: 
Environment Agency, 2001. Lessons Learned: Autumn 2000 
Floods: A report by the Environment Agency of England and 
Wales. HMSO Publishing, London. 
Smith, D. G., 1997. Digital photogrammetry for elevation 
modelling. PhD thesis, The University of Nottingham, UK, p. 
242. 
Smith, M. J., Priestnall, G., Asal, F., 2000. Combining LiDAR 
and photogrammetry for urban And rural landscape Studies. In: 
Proceedings of the XIX ^ Congress of the International Society 
for photogrammetry and remote sensing (ISPRS), Amsterdam, 
16-23 July 2000. 
References from websites 
Fowler, R. A., 2000. LiDAR For Flood Mapping. Earth 
Observation Magazine, July 2000. http://www.eomonline.com. 
LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd., 2000. The 
Fluid Flow Calculations Website. http://www .Imnoeng.com’/, 
5.2 Acknowledgements 
This paper presents some of the research undertaken by Dr 
F.F.F. Asal during his PhD studies (Asal, 2003). The authors 
would like to acknowledge the support given by the Egyptian 
Government, the authorities of Menoufia University, Egypt and 
the Egyptian Embassy in London through their Educational 
Bureau. Special gratitude to Dr. Nigel Wright and Mr. Theo 
Veneboer from The University of Nottingham. Thanks also to 
the Environment Agency of England and Wales for providing 
the LiDAR data for the project.