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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004
infrastructures that have to be granted as accessible
after an earthquake.
3. Structural vulnerability of human infrastructure
evaluation correlated to the features (physical,
mechanical, technologic aspects, etc.) of the different
components.
Usually, the most part of the attention has been addressed to
buildings because of the population inside. In the last twenty
years it has been turned to the importance of the role of the
lifelines (D’Andrea et alii, 1999; Cafiso et alii, 2001, 2003) in
particular of road infrastructures for the limitation of damages
following seismic catastrophic events.
Indeed, destruction or serious damages of highway or road
network portions can cause the inaccessibility to some, even
wide, urban areas, interruption or use-overload of road network
or other means of transport, delay in helps from the outside,
difficulties in access to Civil Protection services, to sanitary
structures, to train stations, to airports, to power stations and
electric lines and to all the other strategic elements of the
network systems. Finally, in the case of a system functionality
loss, there could be serious effects as, for example, the
immediate one on population, the one consequent to the delay
of rescues, and in the long term on the productive system and
on the market for the unavailability of goods.
In this scenario, survey techniques, both in preventive phase
and in emergency management, have an essential role to define
the sensitivity and vulnerability of the territory (essentially
related to the geo-morphological) and of infrastructures
(buildings, road, piping, etc.).
In this sense, disposing of opportune supports dedicated to the
knowledge of the territory (as a constantly updated numerical
and digital cartography that is completed by a digital soil
model) is very important. These supports have to be consultable
within a suitable territorial informative system in order to carry
out all the elaborations that the various expected scenarios
should require. This approach allows, in case of a catastrophic
event, to collect, to elaborate and to supply all the output
necessary to the coordination of the intervention teams. In the
simulation of a seismic event on the Italian territory (in
EGERIS European project), the teams assigned to the macro-
seismic survey and to the functionality of road networks survey
have been activated in the short term while, in the long term,
the ones for the census of the infrastructural damages started.
All the operators on the field were equipped with hand-held
computers (PDA) with cartographic software, GPS, and GPRS
connections. Once received preliminary data, the teams have
surveyed the geo-referenced territorial data of the site and
transmitted them to the operating stations. These, after the GIS
update, proceeded to compute both for the state of the isosist
lines and for the viability conditions; this last is an
indispensable element in order to coordinate in the best way
ihe researchers ana the rescue teams.
Anu aenal survey, realised with photogrammetric digital
cameras and laser scanners, can offer a very important
contribute. This technology, integrated with a GPS and an INS,
consents to perform the surveys and to obtain the external
orientation parameters without the need of teams on site; thanks
to that is possible, in very short times, to produce a cartographic
base of the event and a DTM, a very effective instrument to
carry out all the necessary measurements in order to represent
the modification of the territory.
Moreover, the survey with laser systems on urban areas, allows
to produce particularly effective supports for a first evaluation
of the damages received by infrastructures, especially if there is
the possibility to carry out a comparison with a laser survey
performed before the catastrophic event.
Moreover, also satellite remote sensing could be useful to
quickly obtain from acquired images the distribution map of
damages about buildings and infrastructure system (both in
urban and rural environment). Using advanced software tools
for the image analysis and classification and exploring invisible
bands of the spectrum such as the thermic infrared, it is possible
to individuate escapes of gas and point of fires that could cause,
especially in urban context, great induct damages. For example,
in the case of Kobe (1995), the damage from fires indirectly
caused by the quake was evaluated as comparable to that caused
directly by the quake, in as much as the interruption of the
access ways prevented to the emergency services to reach the
devastated areas for many hours.
For the management of the post-calamitous events it is
important to dispose of information about road network
condition. Research units of University of Catania and Palermo
are still working on the classification of road network damages
due to calamitous events by high resolution images.
The use of this kind of technologies allows the preparation of
the supports necessary to the decision-maker, in a time faster
than the traditional surveying methodologies; the quikness in
consequent interventions, indeed, is very important to limit the
human being loss.
d p © Bridges
pr + >< Epicentre
S 5
E Towns
Highways
State Roads
Provincial Roads
Built areas
AE [| Siciliy
a PGA [g]
[——]* 0,1
i [10,10 - 0,15
re 3 0,16 - 0,20
= ] 0,21 - 0,25
7) mH 0,26 - 0,30
= > IN 0,31 - 0,35
Q Loe ME > 0,36
Figure 2. Specialized GIS on seismic risk. The calculated
GRID PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) layer is overlaid by
road network and bridges vector layers
Sa
ZONE E E n E 2H
Figure 3. Specialized GIS on seismic risk. The hyper-linked
D
photographic documentation to bridges’ layer
