International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
Figure 17. 
4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: 
There appears to be limited amount of data regarding imprint 
marks and an imagery database of anti mortem and post 
mortem skin imprints. We have used past and present 
homicide case files to draw from including, our detailed skin 
imprint analysis of ante and post mortem imprints. Our further 
study of conditions that effect the circulation and directly affect 
the dispersion lapse rate has provided promising results. Of 
course, this whole response is affected by multiple factors, 
including illness, peripheral vascular disease, and heart disease 
to name a few. 
During one phase of the study we detected a slower lapse rate 
of the skin. We found that the subject was displaying slight 
edema due to the medication. It is known as "pitting edema" 
which occurs when fluid collects in the tissue. By pressing a 
thumb or finger firmly against the tissue for a few seconds, a 
dent can be produced. When the finger is withdrawn, the dent 
may persist for several minutes. Pitting edema also refers to 
the failure of the skin and soft tissue to immediately resume its 
normal contour upon release of pressure. This procedure would 
be used in areas with visible swelling, since the 
Photogrammetric procedure is determining the skin surface and 
lapse rate at the micron level, it would have to be quite 
pronounced to be seen during visible examination. 
Presently, many decision's regarding imprint marks are very 
subjective and most pathologist do not have a good imagery 
database regarding imprint marks. In fact, some believe there 
are no differences between ante and post mortem marks, there 
are in fact major difference between the two. 
Imprint marks are always made with a major impact to the 
skin, even for ante mortem marks that dissipate and are not 
visible to the human eye can be viewed and measured by 
imaging and image processing. 
Ante mortem imprint marks, dispersion or lapse rate stops at 
the time of death and post mortem and ante imprint marks 
remain on the body after death, even after subsequent 
processes completed on the body including embalming. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
I would like to thank Dr. Bill Miles for his assistance for this 
imprint analysis research 
5.1 REFERENCE 
Robertson, G. 1986 *New Photogrammetric Instrumentation 
for Use in Medical Applications" presented paper Commission 
V ISPRS Symposium Ottawa, Canada 
Robertson. G. 1988 “Mensuration of Body Shapes Using an 
Automated Photogrammetric Approach" presented paper 
Commission V ISPRS 16th Congress Kyoto, Japan 
Robertson, G. 1998 “Advances in Forensic Science Utilizing 
Digital Photogrammetric Techniques” Commission V ISPRS 
Symposium Hakodate, Japan 
Robertson, G. 2000 “Forensic Analysis of Imprint Marks on 
Skin Utilizing Digital Photogrammetric Techniques” 
Commission V ISPRS XIX Congress Amsterdam, The 
Netherlands 
Robertson, G. 2002 “Automated Point Measurement of 
Dynamic Skin Membrane Surfaces Utilizing a Dot Projection 
Photogrammetric ~~ Technique” (Commission V ISPRS 
Symposium Corfu, Greece 
Robertson, G. 2003 “Forensic Analysis of Imprint Marks 
Utilizing Digital Techniques” Presented paper International 
Association for Identification, 88" International Educational 
Conference Ottawa, Canada July 2003 
U. Dharamsi, D. Evanchik and J. Blandino, 
“Comparing ~~ Photogrammetry with a Conventional 
Displacement Measurement Technique on a 0.5m Square 
Kapton Membrane” AIAA Paper 2002-1258 
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
    
   
  
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
  
  
    
    
     
    
   
  
   
  
  
    
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