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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004
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Figure 1: Data processing.
In the past digital terrain models (DTM) and geographic
information systems (GIS) were developed isolated from each
other. Both tools exist for about 30 years. The applications of
today require more and more the three-dimensional reference
surface for GIS, although temporary aspects demand for four
dimensions including time as additional reference parameter.
Most applications nowadays use 2D GIS for display, storage
and analyses. But many applications require a model of the
surface to calculate the height or the slope at certain points.
Many GIS have additional terrain modellers to make use of
height data in form of a regular grid or a triangulated irregular
network (TIN).
To add a digital terrain model to a GIS results only in a 2.5D
GIS because it is not possible to model a solid. A simple and
convenient way is to add descriptions of man-made objects like
buildings to planimetric objects and attaching them to the
surface. In CAD applications different solid models are
available. 3D GIS may thereby provide a more realistic
representation of the modelled world. Some draw-backs are
more expensive data management and the problem of data
acquisition. Normally you can only expect to extract the
(average) height of buildings and not an exact reconstruction of
the building (Fritsch and Schmidt, 1995).
We have two kinds of databases: the one who has the graphical
and geometrical data and the other who has the alphanumeric
data related to the graphical data. The first one will be
generated from the photogrametric digital system or from other
graphical external files (like digitized plans, amateur
photographs etc.). The second one will be handled with the
DBMS ACCESS. Both databases will be linked and managed
together by the GIS software Arc View 3.2, creating the
information system.
Objects are being built by linking spatial data (point, lines or
polygons that are defined by geometry and topology) with non-
graphic information in GIS. Coverage, also called as layer, is
the basic unit of storage in Arc/Info. In this study Arc/Info has
been used for the establishment of topology of the coverage.
Then the coverage has been imported to Arc View software.
This software has been produced as a vector based GIS but also
it has limited use of raster base data as well. In addition to
several querying and analysis advantage, the result of these
attributes.
Digital data in Dgn format has 25 different layers. These digital
data were transferred into AutoCAD format and number of
these layers reduced in AutoCAD (Duran and Toz, 2002)
Also some of non-topographic information for feature
(attributes) such quarter name, street name, door number,
building functionality, basement, medium floor, roof, total
floor, building condition, registration, building name,
construction date, financer, architecture etc. were stored in the
database table. Afterwards digital terrain model (DTM) of study
area was being produced and captured with orthophoto in Arc
View software. This model is shown Figure 2.
Figure 2. DTM of study area captured with orthophoto and,
showing part of attributes table for the monastery of Christ
Pantepoptes
Multimedia refers to the use of computers to deliver
information using a combination of media types such as text,
graphics, audio, video, and animation. Multimedia GIS on the
internet provides the comprehensive documentation and
management of cultural heritage. Multimedia GIS based on
Web allows the user to access a wide range of geo referenced
multimedia data (e.g., simulations, images, and videos)
(Prakash, 1998). Figure 2 displays data from different sources
including multimedia data are stored into the database.
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Figure 2: Different kinds of data from various sources into
database.
VRML for visualising in 3D offers a platform and software
independent file format. Users can easily interact with a 3D
model in this form, walking or flying around it. VRML can also
be viewed on the web. In this study, Cosmo VRML plug-in
which is available free was used. Virtual reality model of the
area is shown in Figure 3.
