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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
as an exploration. toward the optimal and basic (standard) 
sustainable lifestyle in Japan. This study is focusing on the Final 
stage of Jomon period, which is subdivided into the beginning, 
the middle portion, and the later half. The Final phase was one of 
the most significant paradigm shift occurred in early Japan, which 
was the transition from hunter-gathering lifestyle to agricultural 
lifestyle. 
1.3.2 Focusing Region 
The study is focusing on the Aichi prefecture, Tokai region of 
Japan (Figure 1). The area is located near the border of western 
and eastern region of Japan, which regionality can be still seen 
today. Precisely, case study area is located in the eastern edge of 
the western region of prehistoric cultural zone, which is assumed 
to be fostered by the evergreen forest. Study area is recognized 
from archaeologists as an important area which provides useful 
information not only for interaction between the natural 
environment and human activities but also for figuring out their 
cultural interaction as well. 
    
       
   
B Tundra 
[== Subarctic Conifer Forest 
E= Cool Temperate Forest 
   
Laurel forest 
Western Region 
  
  
  
  
Figure 1. Case study area is located in the border of the western 
and eastern cultural group as well as vegetation zone 
(Cultural border and 3D-images added by author to 
the vegetation map of Latest stage of Jomon period 
(Yasuda, 1980)). 
2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL 
CHANGES 
2.1 Human Activities 
The capable activities in settlement are restricted by the 
characteristics of surrounding environments to some extent, 
especially when its impact of human activity to the environments 
is low. 
Exterior Interaction 
(Global, Regional) 
  
  
Global Climate 
Sea Level change 
Volcanic Activity 
Interior Interaction 
(In-Catchment) 
IMPACT. 
Utilization of Regoürces 
.. X Tree trimming ^? 
= — Cultivation 
  
  
   
   
  
   
(IMPACT x 
Influence to/Huntan 
N as 
Change'et Vegetation 
  
  
  
Flood 
  
"A ——— 
Figure 2. The framework of the interaction between human 
activities and environments. 
  
Even though, surrounding environments were changed by the 
human activity, consciously and sometimes 
unconsciously. The interrelation of surrounding environments 
and human activities can be depicted as above figure (Figure 2). 
Arrow which stands for impact from the interior box to the 
exterior box is diluted, because the impact of human activities 
to global environment was slight in prehistorical period. The 
study will understand the prehistoric interaction based on this 
framework. 
sometimes 
2.1.1  TheSite-Catchment 
The daily activity field of the settlement is called "site- 
catchment", which is most basic territorial unit of the daily life. 
Vita-Finzi (1978) has pointed out that the site-catchment of 
hunter-gatherer is defined by the time distance, and there is 
often a considerable difference with the “on paper estimation” 
(i.e. drawing a settlement centered circle which radius is time 
distance). The difference is mainly stemmed from topography 
and barriers (Figure 3.). 
  
Site catchment 
— estimated. — by 
“on paper” 
“sexexcsex< ACtual area 
  
  
  
     
Difference of site-catchment estimation result 
between the real value and the “on the paper 
estimation” (Vita-Finzi, C., 1978) 
The error of catchment estimation can be corrected by using 
hiking function (Tobler, 1993) and terrain layer which includes 
the barrier. Hiking function is a mathematical formula which 
transfers the unit distance and slope values into corresponding 
travel time. 
Time = 6¢xp(—3.5 x abs(S + 0.03)) (1) 
Where  Time=Travelling time 
S=Slope 
The calculation of site catchment using GIS resulted as 
following figure (Figure 4). White circle is the result of “on the 
paper estimation (radius set to 10km)” while the dark-grey area 
is result of GIS calculation (Restricted within 120 min from 
settlement). 
     
  
  
Figure 4. Result of the site-catchment estimation using Tobler’s 
hiking-function (left: DEM and Settlement; Middle: 
Calculation result without considering the river;