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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
Among the newest techniques that provide a deeper 
understanding of the works, the scientific management of colour 
is surely important and closely related to modelling. The 
importance of photography in documentation is widely 
recognize: just think of the desire to document materials (stone, 
metal, glass, concrete and wood components) and their state of 
conservation. Today, we have the possibility to quantify colour 
in a strict and exacting way: this quantification would add to the 
quality evaluation that we usually make on photography, the 
precise measure of the subtle changes in colour that are caused 
by chemical or physical changes in the material. 
Considering the current state of the art, in the case of Scarpa's 
architectures, we used the most innovative techniques in survey 
and representation, which provide us with a cognitive apparatus 
appropriate to the work of Scarpa by using the most established 
methods in the field of cultural heritage such as 
photogrammetry, in addition to laser-scanning, modelling, and 
the controlled use of digital images. 
Laser-scanning 
Use of the laser-scanner along with 3D modelling might still be 
considered in the experimental phases, even though there are 
already interesting and complete applications available. 
Laser-scanners, as it's well known, have been developed to scan 
3D data (point clouds) of structures of any complexity. The 
clouds must be geo-referenced in a single reference system 
defined topographically analogously to photogrammetry. The 
georeferenced clouds represent a single set of points which 
provide the possibility to obtain traditional representations in 
orthogonal projection and 3D models for surfaces and, after 
appropriate processing, solid models. 
During post-processing we can achieve documents such as: 3D 
volumes and surfaces, mathematical models of the terrain 
(DTM), processing curved planimetries of level, profile 
extraction, cross-section, 3D views, axonometric projections, 
elevations, rendering, etc. 
      
    
      
fig. 2 Point clouds union. In the second image 
points are colored by RGB data acqu 
27 
d 
RE TER VISE AE 
fig. 1 Plan and sections of Sculture Garden of Carlo Scarpa in Venice 
New possibilities are given by the integration of laser scanner 
and digital calibrated camera (p.e. Riegl laser scanner integrated 
system), expecially in ortophoto production and edge 
extractions. 
Some applicative sperimentations lead us to conclude that laser 
scanning is best viewed as a survey technique that does not 
replace the others, but incorporates them. To achieve a 
"geometrically" accurate survey, the surveyor must use 
topography, photogrammetry, direct survey and laser scanning, 
each used according to its characteristics. 
3D Modelling for representation 
While the utility of the 3D model of an architecture is quite 
clear, it can be fairly clumsy to use in practice. Several 
problems are yet to be solved. It is not clear, for example, the 
concept of nominal scale for a model, since it seems incorrect to 
relate it to the scale of representation of the orthogonal 
projections that can be drawn from the model. 
On the other hand, we have to consider that a model always has 
a certain degree of uncertainty and we have to strictly declare its 
metric accuracy, unrelated to the scale of representation. 
Ideally, we should introduce statistical parameters relating to 
the uncertainty but this make the model more complicated and 
difficult to manage. 
This approach is the choice of the system of realizing the model. 
Models can be realized for surfaces or based on primitive solids, 
on voxels or simple 2 or 3D triangulation, of point clouds. The 
point cloud is essentially a fairly reliable 3D model of the 
surface of the object. 
We must also explore the possibilities of use by the final users 
both in terms of the metric characteristics and the possibility for 
browsing: it has to take into consideration the possibility of free 
exploration and guided exploration as well as the ability to 
query the model as regards position, dimensions, distance, 
areas, and volumes. All this is still related to the choice of 
specific software products and currently no one is able to 
respond simultaneously to the above listed needs. 
     
ired with calibrated digital camera