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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
Leica R5 Leica R8 
X Y 7 x Y E 
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 
RMSE 4,6 3:3 4,9 4,1 3,9 3,5 
Standard 4,1 35 4,9 3,9 3,8 3,4 
Deviation 
Maximum 8,9 8,3 8,8 7,1 7,7 15 
Residual 
Minimum -6,4 -7,1 -8,1 -7,8 -8,0 -8,4 
Residual 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Table 4b. Statistical results by using PhotoModeler and the 
analogue cameras Leica R5 and Leica R8 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
MA MD MA MD NMA NMD 
S > M M M M 
Ma e ® e e e 
S 
MD ® e 9 e 
S 
M e e e 
M 
MD ^ . 
M 
NMA e 
M 
  
Table 5. Scheme of comparisons between the different cameras 
(MA — metric analogue, MD — metric digital, NMA — non- 
metric analogue, NMD  - non-metric digital) and the 
photogrammetric techniques (S—stereoscopic, M-monoscopic) 
The results show that the performance of the digital cameras 
Nikon and Rollei is similar, and better than that of the analogue 
cameras Leica R5 and Leica R8. These 2 analogue cameras 
have a similar performance with stereoscopic and monoscopic 
photogrammetry. The most accurate results are obtained with 
the Rollei camera, followed by the Nikon camera. The accuracy 
obtained with the cameras Leica R5 and Leica R8 and 
monoscopic photogrammetry are comparable, although the 
Leica R8 camera gives somewhat more accurate results in Z. 
This higher accuracy in Z can be justified by the greater 
convergency of the photographs acquired with the Leica R8. 
The results in X and Y obtained with the Leica R5 camera and 
stereoscopic photogrammetry are more accurate than those 
obtained with the Leica R8 camera and monoscopic technique. 
To resume, the accuracy of the results obtained with the 4 
cameras and the two photogrammetric techniques is within the 
limits of the user specifications for an architectural archive, i.e., 
210 5 cm. 
6. CONCLUSIONS 
To conclude, Photogrammetry is as expected an excellent 
means for accurate recording of architectural patrimony in the 
form of an architectural archive. In this way, an architectural 
archive is of fundamental importance for the preservation of the 
patrimony. This preservation as well as the divulgation of the 
patrimony and its surroundings is well-served with the 3D 
urban models. 
With respect to the photogrammetric techniques and the 
photographic cameras it can be concluded that the monoscopic 
technique allows for a simpler data acquisition process than the 
stereoscopic one (ie. for the so-called "normal" case). 
Information extraction is a time-consuming process in the case 
of both techniques. Nonetheless, with the  monoscopic 
technique, the extraction of information from facades with 
complex details is rather difficult. The existing software based 
on the monoscopic technique has the advantage of allowing as 
well the production of 3D models rendered with the rectified 
images. The tests show that a standard digital camera, together 
with relatively simple software based on the monoscopic 
technique, allow the production of architectural archives at 
scale 1:100 with a good price/quality relationship. 
REFERENCES 
Bourdakis, V., 1999, On Developing Standards for the Creation 
of VR City Models,. Modeling & City Planning. 
Carbonnell, M., 1989, Architectural Photogrammetry in Non- 
topographic Photogrammetry, Ch. 19, pp. 321-347, Second 
Edition, American Society For Photogrammetry and Remote 
Sensing, (USA: H. M. Karara, Science and Engineering Series). 
Dallas, R. W. A. 1980, Architectural and Archaelogical 
Recording in Developments in Close Range Photogrammetry — 
1, Ch. 5 pp. 81-116, (London: K. B. Atkinson, Applied Science 
Publishers, Ltd.). : 
El-hakim, S.F.,Beraldin, J. A., Picard, M., 2002, Detailed 3D 
Reconstruction of Monuments Using Multiple Techniques In 
CIPA WG6 International Workshop: Scanning for Cultural 
Heritage Recording, Corfu, Greece, 1-2 Set. 
Scherer, M., 2001, About the Synthesis of Different Methods in 
Surveying, Proc. of International Workshop on Recreating the 
Past — Visualization and Animation of Cultural Heritage, 
Ayutthaya, Tailándia. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The authors are grateful to Municipia for lending the aerial 
photographs and the orientation data, to the Instituto Superior 
Técnico for lending the semi-metric digital camera, and to 
Topométrica for lending the total station.