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-Jump to arbitrary viewpoint 
-Control of movement speed 
-Registration of viewpoints 
-Measurement of height, distance and area 
-Edition of objects 
2.3 3D City Model of Kyoto 
Since early stage of the research, "Virtual Time-Space of 
Kyoto" has introduced MAP CUBE of Kyoto, which is the most 
accurate and detailed 3D city model available in Japan (Figure 
5), and UrbanViewer has been employed as VR viewer for it. 
Additional 3D modelling and texture mapping have been done 
by using CG/VR software which can output the data in OBJ 
format such as MultiGen Creator and form.Z RenderZone. 
  
3. *VIRTUAL TIME-SPACE OF KYOTO" 
At present, the research has been conducted on two major 
themes: 
. 3D-GIS of Kyoto for monitoring machiyas, including; 
-Identification and visualization of machiyas in the years of 
1995 through 1998, based on the field survey dealing with 
over 30,000 machivas. 
-Additional field survey of machiyas in order to monitor the 
changes in the years of 1998 to the present. 
2. Reconstruction of landscapes and cultural heritages of Kyoto 
in the past, including; 
-Reconstruction of main street landscapes in Kyoto in early to 
mid-20th century and further older times, based on all 
historical data available, including old topographical maps, 
city planning maps, residential maps, aerial and on-ground 
photographs and land registration maps. 
-Reconstruction of activities and cultural heritages of Kyoto 
in the past including traditional festivals and dances 
performed in the landscapes and buildings of Kyoto at the 
times. 
3.1 2D-GIS of Kyoto at Present 
3.1.1 Machiya: 
Kyoto, most of which had been built in between 18th century 
and World War IL, have been decreasing rapidly in recent 
dacades. Today, it is a very important argument how to evaluate 
machiya and how to hand their historical and cultural value to 
the future generations (Figure 6). 
The research aims at reconstruction and visualization of 
"Virtual Time-Space of Kyoto," a 4D-GIS, which provides both 
past and present city images based on 3D city model of Kyoto 
by employing new visualization technologies including CG and 
VR. The research has also introduced 3D-GIS of Kyoto that 
“Kyo-machiyas,” traditional townhouses of 
makes possible to visualize the distribution of machiya through 
times as well as to monitor their changes through years. 
In order to build up machiya’s 2D-GIS, the machiya database 
resulting from the community survey by the city of Kyoto in 
1998 and the one by an NPO in 1995-1996 funded by Toyota 
Fund were available. The two database combined (Machiya 
Surveys hereafter) cover the central area of Kyoto that had been 
urbanized before the beginning of 20" century. In Machiya 
Surveys, the surveyers visited all buildings within the area and 
identified machiya, as well as recorded the type, condition and 
use of them. The Machiya Surveys identified 21,820 units of 
machiyas (Figure 7). 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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Figure 7. Distribution of machiyas in Kyoto by types (left), 
and the detail of Gion area (right) 
    
  
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Since the major purpose of Machiya Surveys was to find out the 
accurate number of existing machiyas, the geo-referencing 
information of identified machiyas was not very accurate. In 
order to match the survey results to MAP CUBE of Kyoto, 
supplementary surveys have been conducted. As the result, the 
changes in machiyas since 1995 until today were found out, and 
we are still continuing monitoring their changes. 
3.1.2 Temples and shrines: In order to identify and locate 
existing temples and shrines on VR space, it is necessary to 
gather information on their precise locations and names. Several 
approaches are available for the task using existing digital data 
available. 
“Digital Map 10,000” by Geographical Survey Institute of 
Japan (GSI) gives locations of 1,308 temples and 352 shrines as 
point data, but with no names (Figure 8). “Digital Map 25,000” 
also by GSI gives names of temples and shrines, but only for 
large ones... ZmapTown-II, digital street map by Zenrin, Co., 
Ltd. gives the names for individual building lots. Other methods 
include searching the internet phone directory by NTT 
Directory Services Co. (http:/Aitp.ne.jp/) which returns 1,646 
temples and 179 shrines, and it is possible to geo-reference