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virtual reality using the ancient city of Sagalassos in Turkey as a
test case.
The system concept includes several modeling and recording
tools, a database to store and retrieve the virtual artefacts and
buildings and an outstanding visualisation application.
The visualisation component takes care of:
- large and complex scenes, so that very fine details of some
of the finds may be shown in large scales;
— different user, application and hardware profiles, so that the
systems is adaptable for experts as well as for a wide public
and
- time-dependent data, so that finds can be presented over a
large historical time span, where most of the objects have
been moved around and have different dates of creation.
[Hynst et al 2002]
The user of this system can navigate virtually through a
standalone high quality site visualisation system noticing level-
of-detail selection, predicting the next views and exploiting
humans reduced visual resolution while moving. From a
cartographic point of view: this system uses — for the most part
— large scales and does not give an cartographic interpreted
overview of the region and neighbouring sites. It uses a terrain
with orthographic imagery as texture to bear some reference to
the topography.
The third and last example is taken from the spatial planning
community and introduces the “Digital LAndscape Server”
(DILAS) project, a commercial product line from GEONOVA
AG and serves as a platform for applied research and
development.
The DILAS system architecture relies on commercial database
technologies (Oracle 91 DBMS) and consists of a server,
manager, 3D modeler and scene generator.
The 3D object data-management model is fully object -oriented
for 3D geo-objects and incorporates the capability for multiple
levels of detail as well as texture and appearance information.
The 3D object type is supplemented by a number of spatial data
types to represent very large mosaics of high resolution terrain
and texture data — like raster maps, ortho-imagery, terrain and
surface models.
The storage concept for 3D objects is a persistence framework
built on top of a DBMS with the representation in Java and
XML. Thus it provides an optimum in modelling flexibility in
combination with an excellent object query and retrieval
performance.
The visualisation module provides a broad range of “standard”
GIS functionality and a number of features, which specifically
support the visualisation and animation of reality-based 3D
models.
[Nebiker 2003]
These three examples represent an non-homogeneous but actual
overview of the present state of art. Coming from cartography,
archaeology and landscape planning one common goal is
noticeable: an easy understandable communication of spatial
related information with the help of multimedia and 3D. The
different access to maps and the specific understanding of maps
results in varying concepts of visualisation and expression of
needs within the application.
5. RESUME AND FUTURE INTENTIONS
The effect of multimedia 3D cartography on the communication
process, knowledge acquisition and common understanding is
not well known and controversial at the moment. Some research
in the psychological aspect and usability tests have to be done.
The usage of existing examples could help to achieve results
and to support further intentions.
Based on the technical aspect nearly no limitations are
observable. Considering technical requirements, like data
quality, data description, data formats, programming techniques
and semiotic issues, the combination of data from different
derivations, surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing and
GIS, cannot be seen as a problem. In addition the development
of new user interfaces enables the utilisation of all depth cues.
This results in intuitive and realistic perceptible presentation of
information. For this reason semantic issues become more
important and have to be further investigated.
The main task of cartography — to communicate spatial related
information — may be supported in context with topography
with the help of multimedia 3D cartographic applications due to
a common understood plattform and perception of space.
Supporting knowledge acquisition and therefore the
understanding of spatial and cultural topics follows educational
needs, which may result in bridging the continents and
encourage the work of cultural heritage.
The aim of work to create an interpretative tool that combines
photogrammetry, cartography and archaeology. A prototype
mixed reality, or augmented reality, application will be
established in addition to a working cartographic information
environment. The main foci are the communication of spatially
related archaeological information and on the transition
between 2D and 3D.
Applications will provide the tools for the fieldwork related to
expert groups or museums installations.
6. REFERENCES
Albertz J., 1997. Die dritte Dimension — Elemente der
räumlichen Wahrnehmung, in Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit,
Freie Akademie, Berlin.
Bandura A., 1987. Sozial kognitive Lerntheorie, Klett-Cotta,
Stuttgart.
Bollmann J, Koch G.W., Lipinski A., 2002. Lexikon der
Kartografie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH,
Heidelberg, Berlin.
Buchroithner M.F., 2002. Autostereoskopische kartografische
3D-Visualisierung, Kartografische Schriften, Band 6, DGfK,
Kirschbaum Verlag Bonn.
Buziek G., 2000. Theoretische Grundlagen der Gestaltung von
Animationen und praktische Beispiele, in Dynamische
Visualisierung, Springer Verlag, Berlin — New York.
Cartwright W., Peterson M.P., Gartner G., 1999. Multimedia
Cartography, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.
Dorninger P., 2003. XML and Geodata. CORP 2003 - 8"
International Symposium on Information and Communication
Technologies in Urban and Spatial Planning. TU Vienna.
