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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
“e Multiple measurements of image points 
- Third-order design (TOD) problem. It is concerned with the 
optimal improvement of a network if extra points or 
observations are added to it. For the photogrammetric 
monitoring networks the third-order design problem can 
generally be reduced and solved for as the configuration 
problem (FOD).At the beginning, the proper functions have to 
be derived expressing each criterion and their subsequent 
optimization has to be performed under certain constraints. The 
latter is solved either directly or by trial and error procedures 
(Vanicek and Krakiwsky, 1986).Now all of these steps in this 
project, will be described completely. 
4.2.1 Network designing : In each photogrammetric project, 
it is necessary to design a network for stations of photography, 
so that we can retrieve accurate and homogeneous 
measurements. 
4.2.2 Choosing the camera : Usually in geomatic projects, 
specially in photogrammetric projects, available facilities, make 
us not to choose what we want .in choosing the camera, 
according to the area: kilns with high temperature that will 
affect the analogue images by making film distortion and the 
benefits of using digital, we choose digital camera (canon 
PowerShot Pro90 IS) among two available camera in our 
faculty. 
The specifications of the camera are shown in table 1: 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Focal length 7-70mm 
Camera Type Point and Shoot 
Digital Zoom 40x 
Disk Media Type Compact Flash 
Film Type Digital 
Flash Yes 
Port Capability USB 
Storage Capacity (MB) 128 MB 
Type Digital 
Horizontal Resolution 180 dpi 
Vertical Resolution 180 dpi 
Width 1856 pixel 
Height 1392 pixel 
Geometry of photography | An instantaneous photograph 
saved in CCD 
  
  
Table 1. Specifications of the Canon-powershot camera 
4.2.3 Calibration of the camera : For using the camera, it is 
necessary to determine the accuracy of the camera, resolution 
and calibration parameters in order to design the suitable places 
for stations. 
In this project, self calibration method is chosen and it is being 
tried to solve all camera parameters during the self-calibration 
procedure. The calibration parameters of the camera are: 
* Interior orientation parameters of the camera (x, v, c, k),k 
approximately equals with 1. 
* Additional Parameters: 
e Radial Lens Distortions 
drx=(K1r* + K2r* + K31%)(x-x0) (3) 
dry-(Klr^ 4 K2r* + K319)(y-y0) 
e Decentring Lens Distortions 
dpx = P1[r" + 2(x-x0)"] + 2P2(x-x0)(y-y0) (4) 
dpy — P2[r - 2(y-y0)^] * 2P1(x-x0)(y-y0) 
The computed calibration parameters are listed in the tables 2 
and 3. 
  
  
  
Photo K1 K2 K3 
1 0.00000412 | -0.00007854 0.00003401 
-0.00000731 | 0.00002158 0.00002581 
  
2 
3 0.0001191 -0.0001238 
4 -0.00007115 | -0.00005585 
5 0.00000804 | -0.00000595 
6 -0.00002009 | 0.00000499 
-0.000126 
0.00003187 
0.0000045 
0.00002091 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Photo Pl P2 
1 0.00007934 -0.00008645 
2 0.00000593 0.00002565 
3 0.00041021 -0.0001165 
4 0.00004621 -0.0001121 
S -0.000003 1 -0.00000236 
6 0.00001248 -0.00002505 
Photo X y C 
] 0.00000371 | -0.00007068 0.007 
2 -0.00000658 | 0.00001942 0.007 
3 0.00010719 | -0.0001114 0.006 
4 -0.00006403 | -0.00005027 0.07 
S 0.00000723 | -0.00000535 0.07 
6 -0.00001808 | 0.00000449 0.05 
Table 2. Computed additional parameters in first epoch of 
observation 
Photo K1 K2 K3 
1 0.00026327 -0.0003996 0.00030621 
2 0.00008132 -0.001143 0.0009769 
3 -0.0001142 -0.0001598 0.00015805 
4 -0.001208 0.00037847 0.0013068 
5 -0.0006625 -0.0008283 -0.0007716 
Photo P1 P2 
] 0.00050801 -0.0001042 
2 0.00028369 0.0007428 
3 -0.00009303 0.00000806 
4 0.00040703 -0.001371 
5 0.00073331 -0.0001635 
Photo X y e 
1 0.00023694 -0.0003596 0.07 
2 0.00007319 -0.001029 0.06 
3 -0.0001028 -0.0001438 0.06 
4 -0.001087 0.00034062 0.05 
S -0.0005962 -0.0007454 0.04 
Table 3. Computed additional parameters in second epoch of 
observation 
4.2.4 Determining number and position of stations for 
camera : Depending on the imaging geometry adopted, the use 
of additional stations for camera can be expected not only to 
improve precision, but also to significantly enhance the 
network's reliability. According to the geometry of the kiln and 
limitations due to the work place, the angles of beams and 
number of stations were determined, and also according to the 
higher geometric stability, homogeneity of accuracy in 3 
axes(X,Y,Z)(Fraser,Brown,1986) and less depth error 
(Hommainejad, 1997, 1998),it is better to use convergence 
system than stereo pairs. Limitations in work place, and the 
geometry of the object, restrict the angle of convergency, 
therefore we could use the camera stations with around 40 
degree of convergency. Because of the rough nature of the area, 
only 5 places were suitable for shooting and taking photographs 
and at least 9 control points and all of the unknown points on